Fig 1.
Metabolic biomass (kg km-2) of large herbivores across Norway between 1949 and 2015.
Livestock species are shown in shades of grey and wild herbivore species in shades of red.
Fig 2.
Spatial patterns in wildlife and livestock metabolic biomass across Norway.
Metabolic biomass shown for Norwegian municipalities in 1949, 1969 and 2015 (years selected as the maximum and minimum total metabolic biomass, and the most recent year respectively, Fig 1). Wildlife metabolic biomass is shown as a proportion of total herbivore metabolic biomass in the bottom row. Note that livestock biomass is shown on a log scale. Data for all years is presented in Figs E-G in S1 File.
Fig 3.
Relative variable importance and model averaged coefficients showing relationships between change in wildlife metabolic biomass and change in livestock metabolic biomass.
Output from model averaging on GLS models including an exponential spatial auto-correlation structure. The change in livestock variable is highlighted in red since it is the main variable of interest; the others are included to account for spatial and environmental variability. Tundra land-cover and latitude are modelled as the residuals of the relationship between each of these and mean summer temperature, and denoted with an (R) in the row names.
Fig 4.
Characterisation of five clusters of herbivore communities across Norway during 1949 to 2015.
Assemblages are defined from clustering a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Stacked bars show the mean metabolic biomass of each herbivore species in each cluster. Livestock are shown in shades of grey and wild herbivores in shades of red. Community names are coloured to match Fig 5.
Fig 5.
Geographic and climatic distribution of herbivore assemblages across Norway.
Top row: the distribution of the five herbivore community clusters presented in Fig 4 across Norwegian municipalities in 1949, 1969 and 2015 (for all years, see Fig S in S1 File). White shows municipalities (n = 2) with no herbivore data in 2015. Bottom row: modified Whittaker plots showing the distribution of each municipality in terms of average annual precipitation and summer temperature (note that temperature increases up the y-axis). Points are coloured by the herbivore assemblage characterising each municipality in 1949, 1969 and 2015 (for all years see Fig T in S1 File). Ellipses show the 75% quartile of municipalities within each assemblage type.