Fig 1.
Multistate model with four states.
Admission (state 0) is the first state, and all patients entered into the initial state without HAIs. The patient may acquire an HAI and move to intermediate state 1. Discharge (state 2) or death (state 3) indicates the end of hospitalization.
Fig 2.
Flow chart of surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in ALERTS study.
Table 1.
Selected characteristics of patients in the ALERTS study (for details, see Hagel et al. publication[11]).
Table 2.
Model approach I: Results of additional length of stay estimates from the multistate model stratified by infection site/type and surveillance period.
Table 3.
Model approach 2: Extra days of hospitalization due to healthcare-associated infections stratified by department (rows), clinical unit stay of the patient and surveillance period (columns).
Fig 3.
Results of multistate models to determine expected length of stay for patients with and without HAIs up to 60 days after admission.
Fig 4.
Results of the Aalen-Johansen estimator for patients discharged alive [P02(s, t) (black dashed lines) and P12(s, t) (black solid lines)] and for death [P03(s, t) (dark grey dashed lines) and P13(s, t) (dark grey solid lines)] for different landmark times s in surveillance period 1.