Fig 1.
Biliary histological features observed in the liver biopsies from control and infected hamsters (hematoxylin and eosin staining).
A. Uninfected. B. One month p.i. C. Three months p.i. D. Six months p.i. E. Eleven months p.i. F. 1.5 years p.i.; BD: bile ducts, PF: periductal fibrosis; OF: Opisthorchis felineus; E: epithelium of bile ducts; Ii: inflammatory infiltration.
Fig 2.
Oxidative-stress–induced lesions in the liver of hamsters with opisthorchiasis (uninfected and at 1 and 3 months and 1.5 years p.i. with O. felineus).
A. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE). B. Malone dialdehyde (MDA); BD: bile ducts, PF: periductal fibrosis, BV: blood vessel. A specific signal of the antigen is indicated with an arrow.
Fig 3.
Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in hamsters with opisthorchiasis.
The data are presented as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.
Fig 4.
Inflammation markers are upregulated in the liver of infected hamsters.
A. Expression of CD68 and COX2 demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. A specific signal for each antigen is indicated with an arrow. B. Expression of CD163 demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis. A specific signal for the antigen is indicated with an arrow.
Fig 5.
Densitometric analysis of CD68 (A), TNF-α (B), α-SMA (C), CK7 (D), and CD163 (E) protein levels in the liver of uninfected and infected hamsters.
(A–E). F. Western blot analysis of lysates from uninfected and infected animals. Protein levels were determined by densitometry of immunoblots (F), and the results were normalized to β-actin. The data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. SD is calculated from the results of three independent experiments. CK7: cytokeratin 7; α-SMA: α smooth muscle actin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68); CD163 (cluster of differentiation 163); SD, standard deviation.