Fig 1.
General location of sites selected to illustrate contrasting coastal wetlands: A prograding system with plentiful sediment supply (Friesland, Wadden Sea, the Netherlands) and a degrading system with limited sediment supply (Mississippi Delta, LA, USA).
Arrow refers to North direction. Created with ESRI ArcGIS 10.6.1 software. Basemap satellite images accessed from World Imagery ESRI Tile Layer located in: https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer (credits: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community). Background basemap accessed from World Countries (Generalized) ESRI Feature Layer located in https://services.arcgis.com/P3ePLMYs2RVChkJx/arcgis/rest/services/World_Countries_(Generalized)/FeatureServer (credits: Esri, DeLorme Publishing Company, Inc.).
Table 1.
Parameters and their associated values used in model setup and scenario runs.
Fig 2.
Change in wetland extent and wave attenuation in a degrading wetland (Mississippi Delta) under a range of sea-level rise and accretion scenarios and management actions.
Extent of marsh and wave attenuation reported as a range across the three accretion rates (Table 1) and for three sea level rise scenarios: (A,D) 0.217 m of SLR, (B,E) 0.319 m of SLR, and (C,F) 0.386 m of SLR.
Fig 3.
Change in wetland extent and wave attenuation in a prograding wetland (Wadden Sea) under a range of sea-level rise and accretion scenarios and management actions.
Extent of marsh and wave attenuation reported as a range across the three accretion rates (Table 1) and for three sea level rise scenarios: (A,D) 0.217 m of SLR, (B,E) 0.319 m of SLR, and (C,F) 0.386 m of SLR.
Fig 4.
Comparison of wave attenuation across a range of land to water ratios in a degrading wetland, Louisiana, USA (LA), and an prograding wetland, Netherlands (NL).
A: vegetated wetland versus bare ground, B: between management actions.