Fig 1.
Strategy for recruitment of the study population, follow-up, and outcome analyses. Abbreviations: KDB, Kokuho database; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ΔGFR, annual change in eGFR.
Table 1.
Demographics of the study population.
Fig 2.
Mean medical costs in the 12 months among the subpopulations starting and not starting chronic dialysis.
Patients on chronic dialysis in the baseline year and/or the next year were excluded from the analysis. Therefore, initiation of dialysis occurred in 2014. Error bars show the standard deviations. Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ΔGFR, annual changes in eGFR.
Table 2.
Mean medical cost, numbers of subjects with or without claims and starting chronic dialysis in the subpopulations based on annual changes in eGFR.
Table 3.
Mean medical costs, numbers of subjects, and starting chronic dialysis in the subpopulations based on eGFR or proteinuria at baseline and on annual changes in eGFR.
Fig 3.
Mean inpatient costs and outpatient costs in the subpopulations based on eGFR at baseline and on annual changes in eGFR.
Mean inpatient cost (black bars) and mean outpatient cost (white bars) with standard error of the mean (error bars) shown by category of ΔGFR. The costs for subjects with preserved renal function at baseline (eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2) have significant but small differences between a rapid decrease in eGFR (-30 to -15% per year) and stable eGFR (-15 to +15% per year) as the reference in men (A) and women (B). Subjects with reduced renal function at baseline (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) have dramatically higher costs when their eGFR rapidly decreases compared to the stable (reference) group in men (C) and women (D). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 when comparing to the reference (-15 to +15% per year). Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ΔGFR, annual changes in eGFR; ref., Reference.