Fig 1.
Neotype. Argentina, Provincia de Buenos Aires, San Clemente del Tuyú, 488 mm SL. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Table 1.
Morphometric data of 30 specimens of Pogonias courbina and P. cromis.
Fig 2.
Enlarged spines VII-XI of dorsal fin. UNMDP 4880, 855 mm SL. (A) Position in the specimen, dorsal view. (B). Detail of each spine in dorsal view. (C). Detail of each spine in ventral view. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig 3.
Enlarged spines VII-XI of dorsal fin. UNMDP 4927, 910 mm SL. (A). Detail of each spine in dorsal view. (B). Detail of each spine in ventral view. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig 4.
Ontogenetic variation in shape of spines VII-X of dorsal fin 1 and spine XI of dorsal fin 2, schematic drawings.
Length of different size specimens at right.
Fig 5.
(A). Radiograph of a juvenile (103 mm SL). Note the absence of ray enlargements. (B). Radiograph of an adult (471 mm SL). SP VII-XI: spines VII to X of dorsal fin 1 and spine XI of dorsal fin 2. Specimens not preserved. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Fig 6.
(A). Pogonias courbina, 680 mm SL. (B). Pogonias cromis, 720 mm SL. PT: pterygiophores. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig 7.
Gas bladder of Pogonias courbina and P. cromis.
(A). Pogonias courbina, UNESP 1120815, 319.0 mm TL. (B). Pogonias cromis, UNMDP 4879, 300 mm TL. Scale bar = 1 cm. (C). Detail of the antero-dorsal processes in P. cromis. AP: Antero-dorsal process; DP: Dendriform projections; (D) Sagitta of P. courbina. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig 8.
Small specimen with black bars on flanks, 120.2 mm SL.
Fig 9.
Phylogram built from the mitochondrial COI sequences of Pogonias courbina and P. cromis.
(A). Statistical node support is shown as ML bootstrap. Sequences of Sciaenops ocellatus were used as outgroup (not shown) and vertical blackbars review the partition obtained according to Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD). (B). Median-joining network of P. cromis and P. courbina haplotypes, size is proportional to their frequencies. (C). Geographical location of sampled specimens of Pogonias. The map was performed using the R statistical software, version 3.1.0.
Fig 10.
(A). USNM 142760, radiograph of an adult, about 300 mm SL. Note the absence of ray enlargements. (B). ANSP 162287, Radiograph of an adult, 720 mm SL. Note modifications in the size of dorsal-fin pterygiophores. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig 11.
Geographical distribution of Pogonias courbina and P. cromis showing the gap between both species.
The map was made using Natural Earth Data and QGIS 2.18.13. Pogonias courbina can reach a maximum size of 1170 mm (TL); the species live as long as 45–55 years and mature around 4–5 years of age in the la Plata River estuary [23]. Maximum weight known is 48.1 kg; maximum age is 57 years [23] and maturity is reached at 3–4 years in southern Brazil (Haimovici, unpublished data fide [31]). In North America, the maximum size of P. cromis is approximately 1700 mm [32] and its weight as much as 51.3 kg [33]. The maximum age estimated is 58 years [34].
Table 2.
Numbers of DNA sequences deposited in GenBank; numbers with an asterisk corresponds to ID of iBold.