Table 1.
Anodization process conditions.
Fig 1.
Effect of anodization parameters on surface morphology.
Anodization was performed with five different conditions and their effect on nanotubes formation were observed on Cp-Ti (a-e) and Ti-6Al-4V (f-j) using a FESEM. Uniform nanotubes were observed on Ti (a&b) and Ti-6Al-4V (i). Other anodization conditions resulted in nonuniform distribution and/or distortion in structure of nanotubes (c, d, f, g, h) and formation of nanograss (e and j).
Fig 2.
Elemental analysis of Ti substrates.
The EDS elemental analysis of (a) Ti-NT and (b) Ti-6Al-4V-NT showing presence of only Ti and O in Ti-NT, while Ti, Al, V and O are found in Ti-6Al-4V.
Fig 3.
Surface roughness of Ti substrates.
Surface roughness of the Ti substrates (a) Ti (b) Ti-NT (c) Ti-6Al-4V (d) Ti-6Al-4V-NT, was determined by an optical profiler. Shows increase in roughness of samples after anodization.
Fig 4.
Anodization increases hydrophilicity.
Contact angle of (a) Ti (b) Ti-NT (c) Ti-6Al-4V (d) Ti-6Al-4V-NT. Contact angles in anodized samples (b and d) are significantly less that untreated samples showing the effective role of anodization on increasing hydrophilicity.
Table 2.
Surface roughness parameters of the Ti substrates.
Fig 5.
Cellular morphology on Ti substrates.
a) Saka cells were grown on Ti discs as indicated in materials and methods followed by examination of cellular morphology using FESEM. b) Saka cells were allowed to adhere to Ti discs for 6 hours followed by investigation of cell adhesion by XTT assay.
Fig 6.
Effect of composition and surface morphology on growth of BMSCs and inflammation.
a) Saka cells were allowed to adhere on material as indicated in methods for 3 days followed by XTT assay to determine cell proliferation. qRT-PCR for the inflammatory markers b) GLI2, c) CD40L and d) IL-6. E) Saka cells were allowed to adhere A similar experiment was performed to determine the expression of differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase 1 (ALP-1), Collagen A-1 (COLA-1) and osteocalcin (OCN) on the different substrates by qRT-PCR. Data are presented as averages of 2 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate and the bars represent means ± SEM.