Table 1.
Spatial datasets used in this study.
Fig 1.
Work-flow for the land-cover classification used in this study combining 3 m satellite imagery (Planet, 2017), tree canopy data (City of Trees 2011 and Ordnance Survey Open Map Local, 2018) and buildings data (OS Open Map Local, 2018).
Contains OS data Crown copyright and database right 2019 Ordnance Survey (100025252).
Fig 2.
Workflow of analytical steps carried out within this study.
Fig 3.
Example of areas classified as land-sharing, land-sparing and neither sharing nor sparing (contains City of Trees, 2011 data, Planet, 2017 data and OS Open Rivers data, 2018).
Contains OS data Crown copyright and database right 2019 Ordnance Survey (100025252).
Table 2.
Descriptions of landscape metrics computed for use in linear regression analyses within this study.
Fig 4.
Study area characterised by land-cover (contains Planet 2017, City of Trees 2011 and OS data Crown copyright and database right 2019 Ordnance Survey (100025252)).
Fig 5.
Vegetation cover within major land-uses (those comprising > 1% of the study area) A) all areas; B) low-urban areas; C) high-urban areas.
Table 3.
Correlations between land-use and urban indicators (at 1 km2).
Fig 6.
Relative extent of public, domestic and peri-urban green-space at units of 1 km2 across a gradient of land sharing-sparing for A) all areas; B) low-urban areas and C) high urban areas. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 7.
Mean Total Core Area for three levels of land-sharing-sparing controlling for overall green cover.
A) all areas; B) low-urban areas and C) high urban areas. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 8.
Mean SHDI for three levels of land-sharing-sparing controlling for overall green cover.
A) all areas; B) low-urban areas and C) high-urban areas. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 9.
Effective mesh size for three levels of land-sharing-sparing controlling for overall green cover.
A) all areas; B) low-urban areas and C) high-urban areas. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Table 4.
Significance levels (p values) for all general linear model analyses carried out in this study.
Fig 10.
Mean ambient nitrogen dioxide concentration for three levels of land-sharing-sparing controlling for overall green cover.
A) all areas; B) low-urban areas and C) high-urban areas. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Table 5.
Results of regressing land-use-land-cover attributes on landscape metrics used in this study.
All tests carried out at 1 km2 units.
Table 6.
Results of regressing land-use-land-cover attributes on socio-environmental metrics used in this study.
All tests carried out at 1 km2 units.