Fig 1.
Observed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapped to the Plasmodium falciparum, 3D7 (M76611) reference.
A total of 135 variants, including 133 SNPs and 2 indels (insertions) were identified in 256 P. falciparum infected samples. Private SNPs (i.e., present in only one sample) accounted for 105/135 variants found. Orange rectangles = private SNPs. Red rectangles with labels = SNPs present in more than one sample. Additional annotations were reported from NCBI Genbank: cox3 = cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3; cox1 = cytochrome C oxidase subunit I; cob = apocytochrome b; rnl = large subunit ribosomal RNA; rns = small subunit ribosomal RNA; RNA = miscellaneous RNA.
Table 1.
Summary of P. falciparum mitochondrial haplotypes and multi-clonal infections imported to the U.S. from 2014–2017.
Table 2.
Mixed-species malaria infections deconvolved using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome.
Table 3.
Non-P. falciparum infections identified using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome.
Fig 2.
Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 912 Plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial genomes with known geographical origin.
A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using 745 publicly available P. falciparum mitochondrial genomes and 167 P. falciparum mitochondrial genomes from US domestically imported samples with reported travel history. Purple = Southeast Asia; Light purple = Oceania; Blue = South America; Red = Central America; Pink = Caribbean; Green = Africa; Yellow = India; Orange = Multiple regions; Dark Grey = Reference strain; Light Grey = Unknown public samples. Stars labeled FS1, FS2, FS3, and FS4 correspond to the respective Supplemental Figure depicting a zoomed in section of the tree.
Fig 3.
Median-joining network of 408 Plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial genome haplotypes from varying geographical regions.
The haplotype network was estimated using 343 P. falciparum mitochondrial genomes with known geographical origin, and 65 genomes with unknown geographical origin. Each dash mark indicates the number of mutations differing between the haplotypes. PNG = Papua New Guinea. Note: Haplotype 49, comprising 9 samples from the Philippines and Unknown 5923 is not depicted as a separate haplotype due to PopArt’s masking of alignment sites with gaps. Haplotype 49 differs from Haplotype 48 with an AT insertion at site 710.