Fig 1.
(A) Dorsal and (B) ventral view of holotype (SVL = 29.6 mm; ICN 56204; male; photos not to scale).
Fig 2.
Snout shape of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) snout of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov., holotype (ICN 56204; male).
Fig 3.
Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. holotype (ICN 56204; male).
(A) hand and (B) foot. Scale bar equal to 2 mm.
Fig 4.
Adult male (A), holotype (ICN 56204; SVL 29.6 mm), adult female (B), paratype (ICN 56202; SVL 29.5 mm) and egg mass (C) of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. Note the empty space in the middle of the array and unpigmented eggs in a clear jelly. Photos not to scale.
Table 1.
Measurements (mm) of adult Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
See text for abbreviations.
Fig 5.
Adult male of Ikakogi tayrona from type locality.
(SVL = 30.5 mm; not collected).
Fig 6.
Oscillogram, audiospectrogram and power spectrum of advertisement calls of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
(paratype, CBUMAG: ANF 00938, SVL 33.5 mm, 19.9 °C) and Ikakogi tayrona. Note the difference in the temporal features of the call between species.
Table 2.
Summarized features of the advertisement call of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. and I. tayrona.
* Indicate data obtained from literature.
Fig 7.
Map of northern Colombia showing locality records of Ikakogi tayrona and I. ispacue sp. nov.
Detailed information about localities is provided in S2 Appendix.
Fig 8.
Type locality of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Northern flank of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (April 1, 2015), general view from 950 m asl.
Table 3.
Features of the advertisement call of five males of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. recorded at Río Ancho, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.
Fig 9.
Tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. in lateral view.
(A) Dorsal and ventral views (B–C). Note the short spiracle and the translucent venter (C), nostril, spiracle and vent tube respectively (D–F). CBUMAG:ANF 01015, stage 35. Scale bar equal to 2 mm (A–C).
Fig 10.
Oral disc of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
(A) and close-up of lateral teeth of upper jaw, stage 35; scale bar equal to 1.5 mm. (B). CBUMAG: ANF 01015, stage 35; scale bar equal to 20 μm.
Table 4.
Mean and standard deviation of the morphological measurements (mm) of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. tadpoles.
Table 5.
Summary of external morphological characters and oral apparatus found in tadpoles of different species of Centrolenidae.
Fig 11.
Buccopharyngeal morphology of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Buccal roof (A), and buccal floor (B). Abbreviations: A1, first anterior tooth row; BFA, buccal floor arena; BFAP, buccal floor arena papillae; BP, buccal pocket; BRA, buccal roof arena; BRAP, buccal roof arena papillae; DV, dorsal velum; GZ, glandular zone; IL, infralabial papillae; IN, internal nares; LP, lingual papillae; LRP, lateral ridge papillae; PNP, postnarial papillae; PP, prepocket papillae; UJ, upper jaw sheath; VV, ventral velum. CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28. Scale bars equal to 500 μm.
Fig 12.
Cranial muscles of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Dosrsal (A) and lateral views (B–D). Abbreviations: LAB (I to III), musculus levator archus branchialum I to III; LMA, m. levator mandibulae articularis; LMI, m. levator mandibulae internus; LMLP, m. levator mandibulae longus profundus; LMLS, m. levator mandibulae longus superficialis; OH, m. orbitohyoideus; QA, m. quadratoangularis; SA, m. suspensorioangularis; SH, m. suspensoriohyoideus. CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 13.
Detail of the musculus levator archus branchialium (LAB) in tadpoles of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Arrow indicates origin in dorsal otic capsule. CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 14.
Cranial muscles of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov. in ventral view (A–B).
Abbreviations: CB (II-IV), musculus constrictor branchialis II to IV; GH, m. geniohyoideus; HA, m. hyoangularis; IH, m. interhyoideus; IHP, m. interhyoideus posterior; IM, m. intermandibularis; OH, m. orbitohyoideus; RA, m. rectus abdominis; RC, m. rectus cervicis; SAR I, m. subarcualis rectus I; SO, m. subarcualis obliquus. CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 15.
Detail of the sinus hyobranchialis of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov (arrow).
(A). Detail of the musculus subarcualis obliquus with two slips (B), and m. hyoangularis with two slips (C); arrow indicates the small tendon. CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 16.
Larval chondrocranium morphology of the tadpole of Ikakogi ispacue sp. nov.
Dorsal (A), and ventral views (B), apparatus hyobranchialys (C), suprarostral (D) and infrarostral cartilage and Meckel`s cartilage (E). CBUMAG: ANF 01016, stage 28 Scale bar equal to 1 mm. Abbreviations: BH, basihyal; CB (I-IV), ceratobranchials I to IV; CH, ceratohyal; CQA, commissura quadratocranialis; CT, cornua trabeculae; FBC, fenestrae basicranialis; FCA, foramen caroticum primarum; FCR, foramen craniopalatinum; IC, infrarostral cartilage; Meckel`s cartilage; NC, notochord canal; PAB, processus anterior branchialis; PAH, processus anterior hyalis; PALH, processus anterolateralis hyalis; PAO, processus antorbitalis; PHB, planum hypobranchialis; PPH, processus posterior hyalis; RAP, retroarticular process of Meckel`s cartilage; SA, suprarostral ala; SB, subocular bar; SC, suprarostral corpora; SF, subocular fenestrae; SP, spicules. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 17.
Tadpole in stage 35 of Ikakogi tayrona in lateral view.
(A) dorsal and ventral views (B–C). Note the short spiracle and the translucent venter (C), nostril, spiracle and vent tube respectively (D–F). CBUMAG: ANF 01017 stage 35. Scale bar equal to 2 mm (A–C).
Fig 18.
Oral disc of the tadpole of Ikakogi tayrona.
(A) and lateral teeth of upper jaw; scale bar equal to 1.5 mm. (B), CBUMAG: ANF 01017, stage 35. Scale bar equal to 20 μm.
Table 6.
Mean and standard deviation of the morphological measurements (mm) of Ikakogi tayrona tadpoles.
Fig 19.
Live specimens of Ikakogi tayrona tadpole near San Lorenzo, Gaira River, SNSM.
Note the red color due of hypervascularization of skin (A), green froglet (B) and postmetamorphic, SVL = 13.9 mm (C). CBUMAG: ANF 00960. Photos A and B not to scale.
Fig 20.
Buccopharyngeal morphology of the tadpole of Ikakogi tayrona.
Buccal roof (A), and buccal floor (B). Abbreviations: A1, first anterior tooth row; BFA, buccal floor arena; BFAP, buccal floor arena papillae; BP, buccal pocket; BRA, buccal roof arena; BRAP, buccal roof arena papillae; DV, dorsal velum; GZ, glandular zone; IL, infralabial papillae; IN, internal nares; LP, lingual papillae; LRP, lateral ridge papillae; PNP, postnarial papillae; PP, prepocket papillae; UJ, upper jaw sheath; VV, ventral velum. ICN 58308, stage 29. Scale bar equal to 500 μm.
Fig 21.
Detail of the concealed buccal pocket perforation in the buccal floor of Ikakogi tayrona.
(A). Detail of pores on the ventral velum (B). ICN 58308, stage 29. Scale bar equal to 200 μm (A) and 100 μm (B).
Fig 22.
Cranial muscles of the tadpole of Ikakogi tayrona.
Dorsal (A) and lateral views (B-D). Abbreviations: LAB (I to III), musculus levator archus branchialum I to III; LMA, m. levator mandibulae articularis; LMI, m. levator mandibulae internus; LMLP, m. levator mandibulae longus profundus; LMLS, m. levator mandibulae longus superficialis; OH, m. orbitohyoideus; QA, m. quadratoangularis; SA, m. suspensorioangularis; SH, m. suspensoriohyoideus. CBUMAG: ANF 01018 stage 35. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 23.
Cranial muscles of the tadpole of Ikakogi tayrona in ventral view (A–B).
Abbreviations: CB (II-IV), musculus constrictor branchialis II to IV; GH, m. geniohyoideus; HA, m. hyoangularis; IH, m. interhyoideus; IHP, m. interhyoideus posterior; IM, m. intermandibularis; OH, m. orbitohyoideus; RA, m. rectus abdominis; RC, m. rectus cervicis; SAR I, m. subarcualis rectus I; SO, m. subarcualis obliquus. CBUMAG: ANF 01018 stage 35. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Fig 24.
Larval chondrocranium morphology of the tadpole of Ikakogi tayrona.
Dorsal (A), and ventral views (B), apparatus hyobranchial (C), suprarostral (D) and infrarostral cartilage with Meckel´s cartilage (E). CBUMAG: ANF 01018 stage 35. Abbreviations: BH, basihyal; CB (I-IV), ceratobranchials I to IV; CH, ceratohyal; CQA, commissura quadratocranialis; CT, cornua trabeculae; FBC, fenestrae basicranialis; FCA, foramen caroticum primarum; FCR, foramen craniopalatinum; IC, infrarostral cartilage; Meckel`s cartilage; NC, notochord canal; PAB, processus anterior branchialis; PAH, processus anterior hyalis; PALH, processus anterolateralis hyalis; PAO, processus antorbitalis; PHB, planum hypobranchialis; PPH, processus posterior hyalis; RAP, retroarticular process of Meckel`s cartilage; SA, suprarostral ala; SB, subocular bar; SC, suprarostral corpora; SF, subocular fenestrae; SP, spicules. Scale bar equal to 1.0 mm.
Table 7.
Features of egg clutches of the glassfrog Ikakogi tayrona in a population at Serrania de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.