Fig 1.
A four-step approach to identify critical factors associated with the long-term environmental outcome trajectories in social-ecological systems.
Fig 2.
Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, India, showing change in mean annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the studied FMRs, 2002–2016.
Table 1.
Predictive synthetic control matching (SCM) weights for social–ecological system (SES) indicators associated with long-term vegetation growth in Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Fig 3.
Vegetation growth trajectory (NDVI, mean annual) in 202 FMRs of the Kangra District.
Fig 4.
Illustrative matched synthetic counterfactuals for observed vegetation growth trajectory for Batuhi forest management unit (FMR), 2002–2016.
Results for the remaining 29 randomly selected synthetically matched outcome trajectories provided in Figures B-AE and Tables E and F in S1 File.