Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to smoking status*.
Fig 1.
Distribution of HRV indexes by age and sex.
Blue: males; red: females. Fitting lines were based on loess quadratic smoothing (A) log(SDNN); (B) log(RMSSD); (C) log(TP); (D) log(LF); (E) log(HF); and (F) log(LF/HF). Measurement units: SDNN and RMSSD are expressed in ms; TP, LF, and HF in ms2.
Table 2.
Effect of sex and agea on HRV.
Fig 2.
Effect of smoking status, history, and intensity on log(SDNN).
(A) Never smokers (NS), indicated by black dots in the box-plot, are compared with ever smokers. The box represents the mean log(SDNN) ± 1 SD. Past and current smokers are identified by blue and red dots, respectively. Dashed and solid lines represent the fitted pack-years effect in past and current smokers, respectively, as obtained from Model C; (B) Never smokers (NS, black dots) and past smokers (PS, blue squares) are compared with current smokers (red dots). Solid line represents the fitted effect of daily tobacco grams on log(SDNN) for current smokers. Measurement units: SDNN is expressed in ms.
Table 3.
Association of smoking status and pack-years with HRVa.
Table 4.
Association of HRV time-domain indexes with smoking status and intensity (model D); smoking status, smoking intensity and cardiometabolic risk factors (model E); and smoking status, smoking intensity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and drugs (model F)a.
Table 5.
Association of HRV frequency-domain indexes with smoking status and intensity (model D); smoking status, smoking intensity and cardiometabolic risk factors (model E); and smoking status, smoking intensity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and drugs (model F)a.