Table 1.
Toxicity of subfractions of the butanol fraction from first reversed-phase flash chromatography against newborn (< 24 h old) Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs following 24 h exposure to artificial diet containing different concentrations of the subfractions.
Table 2.
Toxicity of subfractions of fraction 3A against newborn (< 24 h old) Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs following 24 h exposure to artificial diet containing different concentrations of the subfractions.
Table 3.
Toxicity of subfractions of the butanol fraction from a second reversed-phase flash chromatography against newborn (<24 h old) Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs following 24 h exposure to artificial diet containing different concentrations of the subfractions.
Table 4.
Toxicity of ethyl acetate and aqueous phase of acidic extraction against newborn (< 24 h old) Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs following 24 h exposure to artificial diet containing different concentrations of both phases.
Fig 1.
Mass spectra (negative mode electrospray ionization) of rosmarinic acid obtained via HPLC-MS with a pseudo molecular ion at m/z value of 359 (a) isolated rosmarinic acid (b) commercial rosmarinic acid.
Fig 2.
Structure of rosmarinic acid isolated from I. rugosus.
Table 5.
Toxicity of isolated rosmarinic acid (RA) and commercial rosmarinic acid (RA) against newborn (< 24 h old) Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs following 24 h exposure to artificial diet containing different concentrations of isolated rosmarinic acid and commercial rosmarinic acid.
Fig 3.
Comparison between growth of surviving aphids exposed to rosmarinic acid-treated and untreated diet after 24 h of bioassay, (a) to (i) comparison observed for up to 9 days, all treated aphids died by day 9.