Fig 1.
2012 U.S. dairy cow spatial density (A) and climatic regions (B) with study locations (Cow headcounts and boundaries data: [31–33]).
Table 1.
Mean milk prices and heat abatement cost estimation data.
Fig 2.
Late-20th century average milk production loss per cow across the U.S. under Minimal heat abatement (Boundary data [31]).
Fig 3.
Projected decadal increases in average Temperature Humidity Index (A) and annual Heat Stress Frequency (B) between 2000 to 2100 (Boundary data [31]).
Fig 4.
Projected mean annual milk production loss per cow (kg/cow/year) under representative concentration pathway 8.5 with minimal heat abatement by location and period (map boundary data [31]).
Fig 5.
Mean annual milk production loss (with error bars) by climate region, period, and heat abatement (Min: Minimal; Mod: Moderate; Hig: High; Int: Intense).
Fig 6.
Mean cost-benefit ratios (with error bars) associated with heat abatements by region and period (Mod: Moderate; Hig: High; Int: Intense).