Fig 1.
Location map of the study area.
Uttarakhand in Northern India; triangles mark the migrants’ villages of origin. (Sources: Esri, DeLorme, USGS, NPS; Esri, USGS, NOAA).
Table 1.
Acquisition dates of satellite images.
Fig 2.
Size of land holdings of migrant families in their village of origin in Uttarkhand, Northern India.
Most respondents (76%) owned property smaller than 1 ha.
Fig 3.
Occupational sector of the respondents before and after migration to Dehradun, Northern India.
Fig 4.
Income per person according to household size in Dehradun, Uttarkand, Northern India.
Fig 5.
Personal reasons (a) and perceived general reasons (b) for rural-urban migration in Uttarkhand, Northern India.
Table 2.
Statistical analysis of dependencies between household characteristics and stated personal reasons for migration in Uttarkhand, Northern India.
Fig 6.
Push or pull factors driving rural-urban migration in Uttarakhand, Northern India.
Fig 7.
Major push factors (a) and major pull factors (b) for rural-urban migration in Uttarakhand, Northern India.
Fig 8.
Agriculture and forest matrix of Barkot and Kandai villages, Northern India, over time.
Fig 9.
Land cover maps of the North Indian villages Kandai (a-c) and Barkot (d-f) in the years 2003, 2015, and 2017.
Yellow–agriculture, green–forest, blue–water, grey–other; red dot–village center.
Fig 10.
Development of forest quality in a 100 km2 area around (a) Barkot and (b) Kandai, Uttarakand, Northern India, since 2000.
Fig 11.
Development of forest cover and quality at different scales since 2000.
(a) Pauri district (5,329 km2), (b) Uttarakhand state (53,483 km2), and (c) all of India (3,287,263 km2).