Fig 1.
Study participant flow diagram.
WAT = water trial; MIY = mini-yellow banana trial; CAV = Cavendish banana trial; SUG = sugar beverage trial. Four study participants randomized into the study failed to complete all four arms of the study (three due to changes in personal schedules and one to a training-related injury).
Table 1.
Abbreviations, formal names, substrate sources, and enzyme systems for the 45 oxylipins detected in this analysis.
Fig 2.
PCA analysis of data during the first 1.5 h recovery from 75-km cycling.
A). Immediately post-exercise; B). 0.75 h post-exercise; C). 1.5 h post-exercise. The data support a distinct difference between the water trial and the three carbohydrate-based trials. Blue = water trial; Red = sugar beverage trial; Green = Cavendish banana trial; Yellow = Mini-yellow banana trial.
Fig 3.
Ratio values (immediate post-exercise/pre-exercise) for N = 45 oxylipins, ARA, EPA, and DHA using data from the water trial.
Significant time effects (P<0.05) were measured for each except 5-oxoETE (P = 0.139) and tetranor PGDM (P = 0.267).
Fig 4.
A) Arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), interaction effect, P<0.001; B) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), interaction effect, P = 0.255; C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), interaction effect, P<0.001. *P<0.0125, change from pre-exercise in the water trial compared to the carbohydrate trials (sugar beverage, Cavendish and Mini-yellow bananas combined). The X axis is on a continuous time scale, with blood sampling time points noted by the markers on the line graphs. Lunch was served after the 1.5 h blood sample (i.e., at 4.25 h on the time scale).
Fig 5.
Heat map displaying oxylipin responses to exercise (ratios using pre-exercise values) in each of the four trials using Z scores.
The data support a strong exercise-induced increase in plasma oxylipins during the water trial, with carbohydrate ingestion attenuating oxylipin increases, especially those generated from the P-450 cytochrome enzyme system. * P<0.05, interaction effect.
Fig 6.
A) 18-HETE; B) 20-COOH-AA; C) 8,9-DiHETrE. *P<0.0125, change from pre-exercise in the water trial compared to the carbohydrate trials (sugar beverage, Cavendish and mini-yellow bananas combined). The X axis is on a continuous time scale, with blood sampling time points noted by the markers on the line graphs. Lunch was served after the 1.5 h blood sample (i.e., at 4.25 h on the time scale).
Fig 7.
A) 11,12-DiHETrE; B) 14,15-DiHETrE; C) 19,20 DiHDPA. *P<0.0125, change from pre-exercise in the water trial compared to the carbohydrate trials (sugar beverage, Cavendish and mini-yellow bananas combined). The X axis is on a continuous time scale, with blood sampling time points noted by the markers on the line graphs. Lunch was served after the 1.5 h blood sample (i.e., at 4.25 h on the time scale).