Fig 1.
Root colonisation (%) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in wheat and faba bean grown in pure stand (Pure) and in mixture (Mix).
S, species; Cs, cropping system. *** indicates significant differences at P ≤ 0.001. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of each mean value (n = 5).
Table 1.
Biomass, leaf area, and root traits in faba bean, wheat, and their mixture grown in the absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Cs, cropping system (faba bean, wheat, mixture); M, absence or presence of AMF.
Fig 2.
Phosphorus content and uptake of faba bean (A and B) and wheat (C and D) grown in pure stand and in mixture (values relative to aboveground biomass). Cs, cropping system (pure stand, mixture); M, absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). †, *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.10, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively; ns indicates nonsignificant differences. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of each mean value (n = 5).
Table 2.
Contents of macro- and microelements in faba bean grown in pure stand or in mixture in the absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Cs, cropping system (pure stand, mixture); M, absence or presence of AMF.
Table 3.
Contents of macro- and microelements in wheat grown in pure stand or in mixture in the absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Cs, cropping system (pure stand, mixture); M, absence or presence of AMF.
Fig 3.
N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) as a percentage of total N content (A) and as the amount of N fixed (B) in the aboveground biomass of faba bean. Cs, cropping system (pure stand, mixture); M, absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively; ns indicates nonsignificant differences. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of each mean value (n = 5).
Fig 4.
Percentage of N transferred from faba bean to wheat (A), percentage of wheat N derived from faba bean (B), and amount of N transferred from faba bean to wheat (C) in the absence (–myc) or presence (+myc) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. †, *, and ** indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of each mean value (n = 5).