Fig 1.
Simplified example of the search strategy.
A. the complete network includes all nodes and link the nodes that are closer, in SNP distance, than a given, user-specified, threshold. B. Selecting some strains (e.g. based on their isolation source), the connected components are limited to those strains and the clinical strains closer than the SNP threshold. This graph shows the strains from the isolation source that are potentially linked to clinical strains. It includes only clinical strains and strains from the selected isolation source. C. in order to verify if these links are meaningful, all the additional strains, from any sources, that are closer than the SNP threshold to the clinical strains are recalled, forming a sub-network.
Table 1.
Isolates distribution by major isolate categories.
Fig 2.
Categorization scheme of strain isolation sources with relative numbers of isolates illustrated by the width of the bank in this Sankey plot–non-clinical strains.
Top: L. monocytogenes strains (root: 10,912 isolates), Bottom: S. enterica strains (root: 49,525 strains).
Fig 3.
Left: Numbers of isolates (scale on the right axis) and number of SNP clusters (scale on the left axis) as a function of time (creation date of the target in the NCBI database), for L. monocytogenes (top) and S. enterica (bottom). Right: Probability for a newly created clinical strains of being genetically matched with a non-clinical strain previously isolated, as a function of time and SNP threshold for L. monocytogenes (top) and S. enterica (bottom). Note: the 2013 artifact for S. enterica is linked to the massive inclusion of new strains in 2013.
Fig 4.
Box-plot of the number of connections per strains (Degree—k) as a function of the year of creation of the target, per year (left: L. monocytogenes; right: S. enterica. SNP threshold = 12).
Fig 5.
Connected components characteristics at SNP threshold equal to 12 (left: Listeria monocytogenes, right: Salmonella).
Each point represents a connected component, placed on the x-axis at its number of nodes (n) and on the y-axis at its number of links, both in log10 scale. The upper line represents n × (n—1)/2, the maximum number of possible links and the lower, dashed line represents (n-1) the minimum number of links.
Fig 6.
Left: the isolation source tree. Hovering the mouse on a node provides the number of strains from this isolation source in the database. Clicking on the node provides the graph on the right. Right: Clinical strains connected to shell egg strains. A connection exists when the SNP differences between a clinical strain and a non-clinical strain is less or equal to 12, leading to Connected components. The framed CC was selected to show an example of the in-depth analysis of clinical case sources.
Fig 7.
Examples of connectivity between food category and clinical cases (SNP threshold = 12).
CCs: connected components, (): number of strains, → connected with SNPs ≤ 12.
Fig 8.
Examples of connectivity between a sub-set of strains (Food/environmental strains isolated in Canada) and clinical cases (SNP threshold = 12).
CCs: connected components, (): number of strains, → connected with SNPs ≤ 12.
Fig 9.
Sub-network menu.
Fig 10.
Example of visualization and analysis of a sub-network.
Fig 11.
Map illustrating the origin of the strains.
Note that the dots are placed at random within the limits of the state (United States) or the country (The position of each dot doesn’t represent the actual location of sampling). Strains from the US not assigned to a specific State are placed in the blue square. Clinical strains are in black.