Table 1.
List of principal quantities.
Fig 1.
Computational domain decomposition.
Fig 2.
(a) The interaction force in the adhesive contact model. (b) The relationship between the contact force and the distance r0.
Fig 3.
Schema of fluid–structure interaction models.
(a) The interpolation of velocity from solid to fluid. (b) The interpolation of traction from fluid to solid.
Fig 4.
Geometry and size of the venous model.
(a) Vein sample (obtained from [17]). (b) 3D structure. (c) 2D model.
Table 2.
Dimensional parameters of the vein model.
Table 3.
Material properties of the three parts of the vein model.
Fig 5.
Prescribed boundary conditions.
(a) Inlet pressure boundary condition, inlet velocity boundary condition, and gravity. (b) Pulsed-wave function.
Table 4.
Material properties of the bileaflet valves with mechanical lesion.
Fig 6.
Various valve configurations and flow streamlines in a normal valve cycle.
(a) In the opening phase, 0.08 s. (b) In the equilibrium phase, 0.30 s. (c) In the closing phase, 0.51 s. (d) In the closed phase, 0.8 s. (e) In the closed phase, 1.0 s.
Fig 7.
(a) Time variations of the venous behavior: A, opening phase, 0.05–0.20 s; B, equilibrium phase, 0.20–0.39 s; C, closing phase, 0.39–0.68 s; and D, closed phase, 0.68–1.05 s. Δd’wa is the displacement of the marked position on the anterior wall, Δd’wp is the displacement of the marked position on the posterior wall, and Δd’s is the displacement of the sinus. (b) Time variation of the geometric orifice area AGOA.
Fig 8.
(a) Velocity distributions at the orifice. (b) Flow rate at the inlet, orifice, and outlet.
Fig 9.
Contours of the pressure and the first principal strain (MPSN) at the maximum opening orifice and the closed valve configuration.
Fig 10.
(a) In the maximum opening state, 0.30 s. (b) In the closed state, 1.00 s.
Fig 11.
Time variation of the GOA.
Fig 12.
Valve configuration and flow streamlines in the cases of (a) CAV and (b) IAV at 1.00 s.
Fig 13.
Normalized maximum velocity of (a) the transvalvular flow and (b) the outflow. The maximum velocities for the normal valve are calibrated to 100%.
Table 5.
Venous volume and the related time of different valves for one cycle.
Fig 14.
Maximum WSS of (a) the blood and (b) the leaflet for different cases.
Fig 15.
Blood and leaflet WSSs (a) at 0.30s and (b) at 1.0 s for the IAV.
Fig 16.
(a) Blood and leaflet WSSs in the closed phase for the CFV. (b) Mechanical cost of the valve for different cases. (c) SWSS and (d) FWSS at the leaflet backside.