Table 1.
Mean physiological and perceptual responses during 60 min of cycling at fixed exercise intensity (study 1), and during the RPE clamp exercise (study 2).
Fig 1.
Tre (A), Tsk (B), and Tre-Tsk gradient (C) during 60 min of cycling at fixed intensity (study 1). CON, control; CWI, cold water immersion; ICE, ice slushy ingestion; * p<0.05 CWI versus CON; ** p<0.05 ICE versus CON; † p<0.05 CWI versus ICE. Data are mean ± SD for n = 11 for Tsk. Due to missing data at certain time points during the exercise, data for Tre and Tre-Tsk gradient are n = 10 during the first 10 min of exercise for all conditions and n = 8 or 9 thereafter (see S1 and S2 Tables for clarification).
Fig 2.
Changes in tHb (A), HbO2 (B), Hb (C) and TOI (D) during 60 min of cycling at fixed intensity (study 1). CON, control; CWI, cold water immersion; ICE, ice slushy ingestion; * p<0.05 CWI versus CON; ** p<0.05 ICE versus CON; † p<0.05 CWI versus ICE. Data are expressed as absolute changes from the baseline values and are mean ± SD for n = 11, except for the final 20 min of exercise during CON and the final 10 min of exercise during ICE where n = 10 due to probe damage.
Fig 3.
Tre (A), Tsk (B), and Tre-Tsk gradient (C), and thermal sensation (D) during 60 min of cycling at RPE 15 (study 2). CON, control; CWI, cold -water immersion; ICE, ice slushy ingestion; * p<0.05 CWI versus CON; ** p<0.05 ICE versus CON; † p<0.05 CWI versus ICE. Data are mean ± SD for n = 11 unless otherwise stated. Due to missing data at certain time points during the exercise, data for Tre and Tre-Tsk gradient are n = 11 during the first 25 min of exercise for all conditions, and n = 10 for CWI and ICE thereafter (see S3 and S4 Tables for clarification).
Fig 4.
Changes in tHb (A), OxyHb (B), Hb (C) TOI (D), and skin PU (E) during 60 min of cycling at RPE 15 (study 2). CON, control; CWI, cold water immersion; ICE, ice slushy ingestion; * p<0.05 CWI versus CON; ** p<0.05 ICE versus CON; † p<0.05 CWI versus ICE. Data are expressed as absolute changes from the baseline values and are mean ± SD for n = 11, except for the final 30 min of exercise during CWI where n = 10 due to probe damage.
Table 2.
Tre and Tb at the onset of sweating and slopes of regression lines determined after plotting average LSR against Tre and Tb during exercise at fixed intensity (study 1) and during the RPE clamp exercise (study 2).