Fig 1.
Historical changes of population age structures in China, India and Vietnam from 1960 to 2016.
Fig 2.
Natural population growth rates of China, India and Vietnam from 1960 to 2015.
Data Source: World Bank (2018).
Fig 3.
Birth rates of China, India and Vietnam from 1960 to 2015.
Data Source: World Bank (2018).
Fig 4.
Human development index (HDI) of China, India & Vietnam from 1960 to 2015.
Data source: Human Development Report of United Nations Human Development Program and World Bank, http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI.
Table 1.
Comparisons of prediction models based on statistical principles.
Table 2.
Comparisons and analysis of the four prediction models.
Fig 5.
Procedures for conducting forecasting models for compositional data.
Table 3.
Description of the data transformation methods for compositional data and forecasting models.
Table 4.
CoDa-RMSE and CoDa-MAPE (in brackets) values of NNETTS combined with different data transformation methods in the test set.
Table 5.
CoDa-RMSE and CoDa-MAPE comparisons of alternative forecasting models using compositional data.
Fig 6.
Comparisons of the forecasting performance of all the alternative models for China.
Fig 7.
Comparisons of the forecasting performance of all the alternative models for India.
Fig 8.
Comparison of the forecasting performance of all the alternative models for Vietnam.
Fig 9.
Performance of the best-performed forecasting models for three countries.
Three columns indicate the estimated population age propositions of the young, middle-aged and old populations from left to right. Three rows indicate the related results for China, India and Vietnam from top to bottom. Detailed information refers to S1–S72 Figs.
Table 6.
White noise tests for error series of three age periods for China, India and Vietnam.
Table 7.
Forecasting Results of the population structures for China, India, and Vietnam (Unit: %).
Fig 10.
Proportions of middle-aged people (aged 15–64) and Future Trend of China, India, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2030.
Fig 11.
Proportion of Young People (aged 0–14) and Future Trend of China, India, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2030.
Fig 12.
Proportion of Old People (aged older than 65) and Future Trend of China, India, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2030.