Fig 1.
Positioning of the internal sample collectors for spray deposition collection (A), positioning of the external samples for drift collection (B), and samples point positioning (C).
Fig 2.
Classes of the pesticides applied over the sprayed areas.
Fig 3.
Variation of atmospheric (A) and operational (B) conditions during agricultural drift measurements (Temp.—Temperature; RH—Relative humidity; WS—Wind speed; SAR—Spray application rate; and width—Application swath width).
Table 1.
Means of tracer dye rhodamine B depositions on the internal collectors.
Table 2.
Means and percentages of depositions on external collectors in function of the different distances of all applications.
Fig 4.
Correlation network between the measured factors and drift deposits (Dist: Distance; AR: Application rate; WS: Wind speed; RH: Relative humidity; Temp: Temperature).
Fig 5.
Path analysis with correlations of direct and indirect effects of the variables distance, application rate, application swath width, wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature of the air on spray drift.
Fig 6.
Spray drift (%) as influenced by distance from the applied field (m) and application rate (L ha-1).
* and **: significant at 5 and 1% probability by the F test, respectively.
Fig 7.
Response surface for drift deposits estimates in relation to application distance (Dist) and spray application rate (SAR).
Fig 8.
Drift maps (μg m-2) from aerial applications related to distances to the center of the field and wind direction: (A) 1st application [mean wind speed—WS = 3.0 km h-1]; (B) 3rd application [WS = 7.3 km h-1]; (C) 4th application [WS = 14.3 km h-1]; and (D) 17th application [WS = 5.5 km h-1].