Fig 1.
Flow chart of the study.
Fig 2.
Measurement of mitral leaflet lengths, mitral annular lengths, coaptation lengths and depths, and papillary muscle tethering lengths.
(A) The P2 (white bidirectional arrow) and A2 (white bidirectional arrow) lengths, and mitral annular lengths (black bidirectional arrow) were measured at end-diastole using a left ventricular long axis view. (B) The coaptation lengths (white bidirectional arrow) and depths (black bidirectional arrow), and papillary muscle tethering lengths (white bidirectional arrow) were measured at end-systole using a left ventricular long axis view.
Fig 3.
Measurement of the Haller computed tomography (CT) index.
The Haller CT index was calculated by dividing the thoracic transverse diameter (black bidirectional arrow) by the distance between the sternum and the vertebra (white bidirectional arrow).
Table 1.
Patient characteristics of normal controls and patients with PE older than 16 years.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the mitral leaflet length, coaptation length and depth, and papillary muscle tethering length, and mitral annular diameter between normal controls and patients with pectus excavatum (PE).
Comparison of the actual P2 (A), A2 length (B), coaptation length (C) and depth (D), papillary muscle tethering length (E), and mitral annular diameter (F) between normal controls and patients with PE older than 16 years.
Fig 5.
Comparison of the A2/P2 ratio in patients with pectus excavatum (PE).
Comparison of the A2/P2 ratio between patients with PE older than 16 years and those 16 years or younger.
Table 2.
Comparison of the actual P2 and A2 lengths, coaptation lengths and depths, papillary muscle tethering lengths, and mitral annular diameters between normal controls and sex- and age-matched patients with PE younger than 16 years.
Fig 6.
Comparison of the mitral leaflet length, coaptation length and depth, and papillary muscle tethering length betwee the patients with PE and HCM.
Comparison of the actual P2 (A), A2 length (B), coaptation length (C) and depth (D), and papillary muscle tethering length (E) between the patients with PE and HCM older than 16 years.
Fig 7.
Correlation between mitral leaflet length and Haller CT index in patients with pectus excavatum (PE).
P2 (A) and A2 lengths (B) of patients with PE older than 16 years. (C) A2/P2 ratio of all patients with PE.