Fig 1.
The chemical structure of PPD and PPT type saponins.
Glc, β-D-glucopyranosyl; Rha, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl; Ara(f), Arabinose (furanose form); Ara(p), arabinose (pyranose form).
Fig 2.
Composition of ginsenosides by HPLC.
a, chromatogram of the 20 standard ginsenosides by HPLC analysis. Number 1–20 indicates composition of Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rg2, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, F1, Rd, F2, Rh4, Rg3, protopanaxatriol (PPT), compound K (CK), Rh1, Rf, and protopanaxadiol (PPD), respectively. Chromatogram of total ginsenosides from stem and leaf of Panax ginseng (b, GSLS), panaxadiols saponins (c, PDS) and panaxatriol saponins (d, PTS).
Table 1.
Composition content of total ginsenoside from the stem and leaves of Panax ginseng, and PDS and PTS.
Fig 3.
Hatchability and ovicidal activity of ginsenosides against O. furnacalis eggs.
a-c, hatchability of O. furnacalis eggs treated with ginsenosides. d-f, ovicidal activity of GSLS, PDS, and PTS against O. furnacaliseggs at 0-day-old, 1-day-old and 2-day-old, respectively. * and ** notes p < 0.05 and 0.01 vs. total ginsenosides (GSLS) in each concentration, respectively. ## indicates p < 0.01 vs. control in Fig 3A–3C. Original data is listed in S1 Table. GSLS, total ginsenosides from of ginseng stems and leaves; PDS, panaxadiols saponins; PTS, panaxatriol saponins.
Table 2.
Regression analysis for ovicidal activity of ginsenosides.
Fig 4.
Antifeedant activity of ginsenosides against the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis.
a-c, no-choice antifeedant activity of ginsenosides against O. furnacalis larvae for 24 h, 48, and 72 h, respectively. d-f, choice antifeedant activity of ginsenosides against O. furnacalis larvae for 24 h, 48, and 72 h, respectively. * and ** notes p <0.05 and 0.01 vs. GSLS (total ginsenosides from of ginseng stems and leaves) in each concentration, respectively. PDS, panaxadiols saponins; PTS, panaxatriol saponins. Original data of no-choice and choice antifeedant activity analysis are available from S2 and S3 Tables, respectively.
Table 3.
Regression analysis for antifeedant activity of ginsenosides.
Fig 5.
No-choice antifeedant activity of different ginsenoside monomers against the 3rd instar larvae O. furnacalis.
a-c, antifeedant activity of different ginsenoside monomers against the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. * and ** notes p <0.05 and 0.01 vs. Rb1 in each concentration, respectively. Original data are available from S4 Table.
Fig 6.
The Median antifeedant concentration (AFC50) of ginsenosides at 48 h.
* and ** notes p < 0.05 and 0.01 vs. Rb1, respectively.