Fig 1.
Juvenile individual of Dioon edule from the botanical garden.
The radicular system of the Dioon species consist of a primary root, secondary root, precoralloid root and coralloid root. Also shown is a cross-section of the coralloid root without magnification, highlighting the ‘algal or cyanobacterial zone’.
Table 1.
Dioon samples of different species, compartments, populations, and sets; The number of reads and OTUs obtained for each individual are also shown.
Fig 2.
Beta-diversity analysis among the coralloid root endosphere from Dioon samples (set “All Dioon species” comparison).
A) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plot based on Bray-Curtis distance, where each symbol represents the bacterial community in a single Dioon sample. B) A dendrogram based on Ward's clustering method showing the distance and clustering of the samples by their root endosphere microbiome. Abbreviations of the Dioon species used here are: DME = D. merolae, DPU = D. purpusii, DSP = D. spinulosum, DSO = D. sonorense, DED = D. edule, and DAN = D. angustifolium.
Fig 3.
Taxonomic diversity and abundance of bacterial genera in the endosphere from Dioon samples (set “All Dioon species” comparison).
A) heat tree of the taxonomic diversity; The node width and color indicate the number of reads assigned to each taxon. Of the 20 most abundant genera (green) the symbol “&” represents the bacteria that have been reported as nitrogen-fixing. B) Heat map of 20 most abundant genera, where each column corresponds to a bacterial genus, and each row to a specific Dioon sample.
Fig 4.
Bacterial diversity in the three coralloid root compartments (set “Bulk soil” comparison).
A) Venn diagram showing the shared OTUs and genera (in parenthesis) between the bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere. B) Bar chart of the 20 most abundant genera in the core of the three compartments (635 OTUs/84 genera).
Fig 5.
Differences of bacterial diversity between the endosphere and rhizosphere (set “Rhizosphere” comparison).
A) Venn diagram showing the shared OTUs and genera (in parenthesis) between the endosphere and rhizosphere of the six Dioon samples. B) Distribution of alpha-diversity within the rhizosphere and endosphere as measured by observed species, Shannon and Simpson effective index.
Fig 6.
Phylogeny of the genera belong to cyanobacteria found in the three compartments (set “Bulk soil” comparison).
The ingroup contains 7 cyanobacteria genera and 25 OTUs. The endosphere, rhizosphere, and bulk soil are represented by a circle (yellow), Pentagon (Maroon), and square (Green) respectively. The cyanobacteria reported in the literature are represented by a star, the color blue indicates free-living cyanobacteria and green indicates those that live in symbiosis. The letters: A and B denote the main clades formed in the analysis. The values above branches are the posterior probabilities.