Fig 1.
Microbiome comparison procedure.
Procedure used herein to identify starvation- and T. aestivum-specific bacterial and fungal communities (example illustrating the assessment of N-starved T. aestivum communities). On the left, a T. aestivum plant grown with N fertilization. On the right, a T. aestivum plant grown without N fertilization. H1 = hypothesis 1: the nutrient-starved T. aestivum show root and rhizosphere microbial communities that are significantly different from those of the fertilized plants. H2 = hypothesis 2: starvation-specific T. aestivum communities are significantly different from those of the adjacent bulk soil.
Fig 2.
Microbial community comparisons—fertilization.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations representing the dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis) of microbial communities sampled in the different Rotation A plots. The significance of pairwise comparisons is reported next to each graph (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001).
Fig 3.
Microbial community comparisons—compartments.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations representing the dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis) of microbial communities sampled from different soil/plant compartments. The significance of pairwise comparisons is reported next to each graph (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001).
Table 1.
Summary of tests that allowed the identification of starvation- and T. aestivum-specific communities.
Fig 4.
The 100 OTUs that had the highest global average relative abundances in the 172 samples. Samples types (compartment and fertilization) are indicated with colored cells above the heatmap, and OTUs’ taxonomic affiliations are indicated at the order level right of the heatmap.
Fig 5.
The 100 OTUs that had the highest global average relative abundances in the 172 samples. Samples types (compartment and fertilization) are indicated with colored cells above the heatmap, and OTUs’ taxonomic affiliations are indicated at the order level right of the heatmap.
Fig 6.
Bacterial OTU enrichments in nutrient starvation- and plant-specific communities.
Average dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis) of sets of compared bacterial communities, and relative abundance of OTUs that were significantly enriched in starvation- and T. aestivum-specific communities. (A) Data highlighting the singularity of N0P0 root communities, (B) data highlighting the singularity of N0P0 rhizosphere communities, (C) data highlighting the singularity of N45P0 rhizosphere communities. H1 = hypothesis 1: the nutrient-starved T. aestivum show root and rhizosphere microbial communities that are significantly different from those of the fertilized plants. H2 = hypothesis 2: starvation-specific T. aestivum communities are significantly different from those of the adjacent bulk soil. The significance of pairwise comparisons is reported next to each dendrogram (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001).
Fig 7.
Fungal OTU enrichments in nutrient starvation- and plant-specific communities.
Average dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis) of sets of compared fungal communities, and relative abundance of OTUs that were significantly enriched in starvation- and T. aestivum-specific communities. (A) Data highlighting the singularity of N0P20 root communities, (B) data highlighting the singularity of N0P0 root communities, (C) data highlighting the singularity of N45P0 root communities. H1 = hypothesis 1: the nutrient-starved T. aestivum show root and rhizosphere microbial communities that are significantly different from those of the fertilized plants. H2 = hypothesis 2: starvation-specific T. aestivum communities are significantly different from those of the adjacent bulk soil. The significance of pairwise comparisons is reported next to each dendrogram (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001).