Table 1.
Description of the products marketed in Ecuador as therapeutic agents against shrimp bacterial disease.
Table 2.
Mortality (average ± standard deviation) of Artemia franciscana nauplii and Penaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL2) after 48 and 38 h of challenge, respectively, with presumptive pathogenic bacterial strains.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of complete 16S rRNA sequences of the pathogenic circulating strains.
The analysis included 11 related Vibrio pathogen sequences reported in GenBank. Listonella anguillarum was used as outgroup (GenBank accession no. AM235737). The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the General Time Reversible model. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories, +G, parameter = 0.1000). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+I], 9.76% sites). Bootstrap values (percentage of 1000 replicates) appear next to each corresponding branch. The tree was built with the Maximum Likelihood inference method, which was supported by the trees built with Maximum Parsimony, Neighbor Joining and Bayesian inference methods. * indicates luminescent strain.
Table 3.
Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and susceptibility of pathogenic circulating strains to antibiotics and commercial probiotics, through the results of the antibiogram tests.
Table 4.
Patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and MAR index.
Table 5.
Results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests for authorized antibiotics for use in aquaculture, organic acids and essential oils on the growth of pathogenic circulating strains.
Table 6.
Cell viability (%) of P. vannamei shrimp haemocytes after exposure at varied concentrations of authorized antibiotics for use in aquaculture and the two most effective natural products against pathogenic circulating bacterial strains.