Fig 1.
(a) Map of Peru showing the location of Pacopampa. (b) Map of the Ceremonial Complex at Pacopampa. (c) Map of the sunken court of the third platform.
Fig 2.
Macroscopic observation of cut marks on the mandible.
(a) Posterior view of the right mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 7 (trauma numbers 1–2). (b) Posterior view of the right mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 9 (trauma numbers 3–5). (c) Lateral view of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 6 (trauma numbers 6–8). (d) Lateral view of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 7 (trauma numbers 9–10). (e) Posterior view of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 9 (trauma numbers 11–14). (f) Inferior view of the mandibular body in Hallazgo 6 (trauma numbers 15–18). (g) Inferior view of the mandibular body in Hallazgo 7 (trauma numbers 19–21). (h) Inferior view of the mandibular bodies in Hallazgo 8 (trauma numbers 22–23).
Fig 3.
Macroscopic observation of cut marks on the occipital bone and atlas.
(a) Inferior view of the right occipital condyle in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 1). (b) Inferior view of the left inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 4 (trauma numbers 2–4). (c) Posterior view of the left inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 6 (trauma numbers 5–6). (d) Posterior view of the right inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 7). (e) Inferior view of the right inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 8). (f) Superolateral view of the left inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 9). (g) Posterosuperior view of the right transverse process of the atlas in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 10).
Fig 4.
Microscopic observation of cut marks.
(a) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the left inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 4 (trauma number 3 of Fig 3B). (b) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 6 (trauma number 6 of Fig 2C). (c) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 9 of Fig 2D). (d) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 10 of Fig 2D). (e) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the right inferior articular process of the atlas in Hallazgo 7 (trauma number 7 of Fig 3D). (f) Microscopic magnification of the cut mark of the left mandibular ramus in Hallazgo 9 (trauma number 13 of Fig 2E).
Fig 5.
Healed fractures in Hallazgo 12.
Two depressed fractures on the left parietal bone (trauma numbers 1–2) (superior view of the cranium); two depressed fractures on the right parietal bone (trauma numbers 3–4) (right lateral view of the cranium); four depressed fractures on the frontal and right zygomatic bones (trauma numbers 5–8) (anterior view of the cranium); formation of pseudoarthrosis observed between the right mandibular ramus (trauma number 9) and mandibular body (trauma number 10). * shows the location of the trauma.