Fig 1.
Nonoverlap (A) and overlap (B) cultivation systems.
Fig 2.
Validation of the gene expression results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq in the summer crop (A) and winter crop (B). The data were obtained from fourteen unigenes at four developmental stages. The expression values of both qRT-PCR and RNA-seq were log2 transformed. Coefficients of linear regression were also calculated.
Fig 3.
Meteorological data for both crops in 2016.
Tm is the average daily temperature from February to June for the summer crop and from August to December for the winter crop. Tmax is the average daily maximum temperature from February to June for the summer crop and from August to December for the winter crop, and Tmin is the average daily minimum temperature from February to June for the summer crop and from August to December for the winter crop.
Table 1.
Climatic factors during the growing seasons of summer and winter grapes in Nanning in 2016a.
Fig 4.
Evolution of berry fresh weight (A), the skin-to-berry ratio (B), TSS (C) and TA (D) in grapes grown under a two-crop-a-year cultivation system in 2016. The four points refer to stages E-L 33, 35, 37 and 38, respectively. The asterisk indicates significant differences between the samples from the same stage.
Fig 5.
Differential gene expression in grapes under a two-crop-a-year cultivation system.
(A) Numbers of DEGs in pairwise comparisons of eight samples. (B) Venn diagram showing DEG distributions. (C) Expression profile clustering.
Fig 6.
(A) Score plot. (B) Selected genes based on VIP scores. The four points refer to stages E-L 33, 35, 37 and 38, respectively.
Fig 7.
Transcriptomic profile of the structural genes involved in the carotenoid and ABA biosynthetic pathways in summer and winter grape berries.
PSY, phytoene synthase; Z-ISO, zeta-carotene isomerase; PISO, prolycopene isomerase; LBCY, lycopene-beta-cyclase; LECY, lycopene epsilon-cyclase; CCD, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase; NCED, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; BCH, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase; XO, xanthosin dehydrogenase; ABA8ox, ABA 8’-hydroxylase; ABAO, abscisic-aldehyde oxidase; ABA-GE, ABA glucosyl-ester; ABA-GT, ABA glucosyltransferase; PA, phaseic acid. Each square in the heatmap located beside its gene names corresponds to the average FPKM value of the gene in each sample, as illustrated in the legend. SK, summer ‘Kyoho’; WK, winter ‘Kyoho’.
Fig 8.
Transcriptomic profile of the structural genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis in summer and winter grape berries.
PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; COMT, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase; F5H, ferulate-5-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; STS, stilbene synthase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavonoid 3-hydroxylase; F3’H, flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase; F3’5’H, flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; UFGT, UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase; GST, glutathione S-transferase. Each square in the heatmap located beside its gene names corresponds to the average FPKM value of the gene in each sample, as shown in the legend. SK, summer ‘Kyoho’; WK, winter ‘Kyoho’.