Table 1.
Status of marine mammal and sea turtle populations protected under the ESA included in the analysis.
Table 2.
Linear model and ANOVA results of the relationship between time since ESA listing and population trends (increasing, non-significant, decreasing) for marine mammal and sea turtle populations.
Fig 1.
Number and percentage of marine mammal and sea turtle populations protected under the ESA that significantly increased (inc), non-significantly change (nsc), and significantly decreased (dec) after listing.
(A) Calculations were based on 23 marine mammal and 8 sea turtle representative populations of ESA-listed species that met our selection criteria. (B) Relationship between population trend and time since listing for marine mammal (blue circles) and sea turtle (green circles) populations. Black line is the median and grey circle the mean.
Fig 2.
Population-level trends of cetacean marine mammals listed under the ESA.
Trend lines (gray area: 95% confidence interval) are loess curves with span of 0.5 to aid in visual representation. Grey dots are estimated number of individuals. Panels are organized by decreasing length of time listed and then in alphabetical order based on species names. Dashed vertical red lines indicate the year of ESA listing. For population selection criteria see methods; for protection status see Table 1; and for results of fitting models see S2 Table. Abbreviations are CA/OR/WA: California/Oregon/Washington; E.N.: Eastern North; and W.N.: Western North.
Fig 3.
Population-level trends of non-cetacean marine mammals listed under the ESA.
Trend lines (gray area: 95% confidence interval) are loess curves with span of 0.5 to aid in visual representation. Grey dots are estimated number of individuals. Panels are organized by decreasing length of time listed. Dashed vertical red lines indicate the year of ESA listing. For population selection criteria see methods; for protection status see Table 1; and for results of fitting models see S2 Table. Abbreviations are DPS: Distinct Population Segment; Pop.: Population; N.W. North Western; and S.W: Southwest.
Table 3.
Trends and magnitude of change of selected marine mammal and sea turtle populations protected under the ESA.
Population (Pop.) trends (significantly increased ↑, non–significant change →, significantly decreased ↓) are based on population-specific models and time periods are shown. Current population trends (% per year) and magnitude of population change (%) were calculated based on available data after listing. First and last population abundance estimates for the time period are shown for reference. DPS: Distinct Population Segment; NWR: National Wildlife Refuge.
Fig 4.
Population-level trajectories of sea turtles listed under the ESA.
Trend lines (gray area: 95% confidence interval) are loess curves with span of 0.5 to aid in visual representation. Grey dots are estimated number of nests, except number of nesting females (green turtle, Hawaii population), and number of individuals (green turtle, Guam population). Panels are organized by decreasing length of time listed. Dashed vertical red lines indicate the year of ESA listing. For population selection criteria see methods; for protection status see Table 1; for results of fitting models see S2 Table; and for DPS of each population (Pop.) see Table 3.