Fig 1.
Geographical distribution of the Cystoseira samples used in this study.
Green dots represent GenBank sequences and the red dots data obtained in this study. The boxes show the archipelagos of aMadeira, bAzores, cCanary, dCape Verde and eBalearics. Locations and sampling number marked as red dots are: 1Moledo (n = 1); 2Areosa (n = 2); 3Odeceixe (n = 1); 4Manuel Lourenço (n = 4); 5Olhos de Água (n = 9); 6Arrifes (n = 1); 7A Coruña (n = 4); 8Santa Mariña (n = 2); 9Santibañez (n = 2); 10El Mirlo (n = 3); 11Calaburras (n = 1); 12Herradura (n = 1); 13Guardias Viejas (n = 1); 14La isleta del Moro (n = 2); 15El Playazo (n = 2); 16Las Negras (n = 1); 17La Serena (n = 1); 18Cabo de Palos (n = 1); 19Santa Pola (n = 1); 20Blanes (n = 3); 21Cote Vermeille (n = 2); 22Pointe I´lette (n = 1); 23Santec (n = 2); 24Prvic Island (n = 1); 25Brac Island (n = 1); 26Dubrovnik city area n = 1); 27Capo Gallo (n = 1); 28Aeolian Island (n = 2); 29Capo Milazzo (n = 1); 30S. Maria la Scala (n = 3); 31Marzameni (n = 4); 32Capo Passero (n = 2); 33Xghajra (n = 1); 34Carapacho (n = 1); 35Ponta dos Mosteiros (n = 2); 36Porto da Cruz (n = 1); 37Caniço (n = 2); 38Bajamar (n = 1); 39Mesa del Mar (n = 4); 40Punta del Hidalgo (n = 6); 41Tacoronte (n = 1); 42Branco island (n = 1); 43Tarrafal Bay (n = 1); 44Cala Viola de Llevant (n = 1); 45La Llosa d'en Patro Pere (n = 1); 46Illots de Tirant (n = 1); 47Cala Mica (n = 2); 48Illa d'es Porros (n = 1). For further information about the location of sample points, please refer to the S1 Table.
Table 1.
Molecular markers used in this study.
Locus name and target region, forward and reverse primer sequences, and references.
Fig 2.
Cystoseira groups defined by the phylogenetic analysis.
Green dots represent the taxa belonging to the Group I (Cystoseira tamariscifolia, C. amentacea and C. amentacea var. stricta, C. funkii, C. mediterranea, C. brachycarpa var. brachycarpa, C. brachycarpa, C. barbatula, C. zosteroides, Cystoseira RB105 and Cystoseira sp. 1); yellow dots represent the taxa belonging to the Group II (C. mauritanica, C. barbata f. aurantia, C. montagnei and C. montagnei var. tenuior, C. barbata, C. nodicaulis, C. granulata, C. elegans, C. squarrosa, C. usneoides, C. baccata, C. abies-marina, C. sonderi, Cystoseira sp. 2 and Cystoseira sp. MP14); red dots represent the taxa belonging to the Group III (C. compressa and C. compressa subsp. pustulata, C. humilis, C. humilis var. myriophylloides and C. foeniculacea, Cystoseira sp. MP1, Cystoseira sp. MP2 and Cystoseira sp. MP31).
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree obtained with RAxML and based on the concatenated COI-23S-IGS sequences of samples from the Sargassaceae family.
Values on the branches represent maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (≥ 75) on the left, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (≥ 90%) on the right.
Fig 4.
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree obtained with RAxML and based on the concatenated COI-23S-mt-spacer sequences of samples from the Cystoseira genus.
Values on the branches represent maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (≥ 75) on the left, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (≥ 90%) on the right.
Table 2.
Number of Cystoseira taxa and samples included in this study.
Alignment characteristics (with gaps) are also shown for each marker and phylogenetic group.
Table 3.
Comparison of the different Cystoseira phylogenetic groups defined in this study with the groups identified by other authors based on genetic, chemical and morphological traits.
Table 4.
Evolutionary divergence between COI, 23S and mt-spacer Cystoseira sequences.