Fig 1.
Source: LUCEF, 1850-2011(CAIT v2.0).
Fig 2.
CO2 emission from liquid fuel consumption.
Source: Authors’ amplification.
Table 1.
Literature review of economic growth and CO2 emission.
Table 2.
Variables description for the analysis.
Table 3.
Turning points reached earlier studies by pollutant type.
Table 4.
GMM regression with AB in n-Step.
Fig 3.
Highest mean valuation of pollutant emission by 29 countries.
Source: Authors’ amplification.
Fig 4.
Mean value of pollutant emissions by years.
Source: Authors’ amplification.
Table 5.
Descriptive statistics (raw data).
Table 6.
Matrix correlation.
Table 7.
Unit root of individual variables (level).
Table 8.
Unit root of individual variables (first difference).
Fig 5.
Plotted graph between GDP per capita and CESFC, CEGFC, CESFC, CE and CEMIC.
Source: Authors’ amplification.
Table 9.
Pedroni (Engle-Granger based) test.
Table 10.
Kao (Engle Granger based) test.
Table 11.
Fisher (Combined Johansen) test.
Table 12.
Pairwise Granger causality tests.
Fig 6.
Source: Authors’ amplification.
Table 13.
Vector error correction model.
Fig 7.
Source: Authors’ amplification.