Table 1.
Characteristics of forest fragment (F), agroecological (A) and conventional (C) coffee management and in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3).
Fig 1.
(a) Percentage of colonization of the forest fragment species and agroecological and conventional coffee root, in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3) and three periods, 1st (flowering), 2nd (grain filling) and 3rd (harvesting). Bar = standard deviation. (b) Number of spores of the forest fragment and agroecological and conventional coffee soil, in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3) and three periods, 1st (flowering), 2nd (grain filling) and 3rd (harvesting). Bar = standard deviation.
Fig 2.
Dendrogram of similarity of morphospecies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of samples (a) per management, localities and period, and (b) per management and localities (b). F = forest fragment; A = agroecological; C = conventional; Z1, Z2 and Z3 = localities; 1st = flowering; 2nd = grain filling; 3rd = harvesting.
Fig 3.
Dendrogram obtained by the Sorensen-Dice calculated by the standard of bands obtained by PCR-DGGE demonstrating similarity in management, forest fragment (F) and agroecological (A) and conventional (C) coffee management, in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3) and three periods, 1st (flowering), 2nd (grain filling) and 3rd (harvesting). R = repetition.
Table 2.
Indices of diversity for OTU of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) obtained by the PCR-DGGE technique in forest fragment, and agroecological and conventional coffee, in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3) and three periods, 1st (flowering), 2nd (grain filling) and 3rd (harvesting).
Fig 4.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on PCR-DGGE profiles for the AMF community and soil chemical attributes in management, forest fragment (green) and agroecological (blue) and conventional (red) coffee management systems, in three localities, Z1 (triangle), Z2 (circle) and Z3 (square) and three periods, 1st (flowering—solid), 2nd (grain filling–wide cross-line) and 3rd (harvesting–empty).
SB = Sum of exchangeable bases; t = effective cation exchange capacity; T = cation exchange capacity at pH 7,0; V = base saturation index; m = aluminum saturation index; OM = organic matter.
Table 3.
Statistical analysis of characteristics chemicals of soil (0–20 cm deep) in forest fragment (F), and agroecological (A) and conventional (C) management, in three localities (Z1, Z2 and Z3).
Media from three period of annual coffee cycle.