Fig 1.
Map of northern areas in South America showing sampled localities and each dot represents a sampled locality from a specific Brazilian biome (Amazon Forest = green, Cerrado = yellow, Caatinga = blue, and Atlantic Forest = red).
Table 1.
Information regarding Anastrepha obliqua samples used in this study.
Fig 2.
(a) Unrooted haplotype network based on 621 bp of COI. Each circle represents one haplotype and the size is proportional to its frequency among the samples. Small black dots represent mutational steps and small gray dots represent median vectors. The abbreviations are in the caption for (a). (b) Bayesian inference of A. obliqua haplotypes. Numbers below branches indicate posterior probabilities.
Table 2.
Distribution of 20 haplotypes (H) observed among the Anastrepha obliqua Brazilian collections in the biomes studied and GenBank access numbers.
Collection site codes are according to geographic sites shown in Table 1.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic analyses using A. obliqua specimens from the Caribbean and Brazilian regions.
(a) Neighbor-Joining and (b) Maximum Likelihood trees. Numbers represent bootstrap support. CAR: Caribbean region, AM: Amazon Forest, AF: Atlantic Forest, CA: Caatinga, and CE: Cerrado.
Table 3.
Partitioning of DNA variance as revealed by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) based on two hierarchical levels for Anastrepha obliqua Brazilian populations.
Table 4.
Partitioning of DNA variance as revealed by AMOVA based on three hierarchical levels for Anastrepha obliqua sampled in Brazil.
Fig 4.
Mismatch distribution of the Anastrepha obliqua Brazilian populations.
(A) AF+CE+CA group and (B) AM group. The expected frequency is based on a population growth-decline model determined using the DNAsp v.5.0 and is represented by a continuous line. The observed frequency is represented by a dotted line. The x axis shows the number of pairwise differences, the y axis shows the frequency of pairwise comparisons.
Table 5.
Statistic summary for the COI analysis of Anastrepha obliqua populations.
Fig 5.
Bayesian skyline plot based on COI sequences of Anastrepha obliqua populations from Brazil.
The median posterior estimates of demographic change over the past 300,000 years is graphed with the purple area indicating the 95% HPD. The Y-axis is in log scale. The X-axis represents time in millions of years (mya).