Fig 1.
Biogeographic regions of Switzerland.
1. Jura; 2. Plateau; 3. Northern foothills of the Alps; 4. Western central Alps; 5. Eastern central Alps; and 6. Southern foothills of the Alps. Points represent the collection localities of all specimens sequenced during the course of this project.
Table 1.
Identification success rate using the DNA barcode, morphology (including wing pattern and/or examination of genitalia) and integrated methods (representing a combination of DNA barcodes and morphology).
Fig 2.
Aricia agestis and A. artaxerxes form reciprocally monophyletic barcode clusters.
(A) NJ tree based on DNA barcodes for Aricia agestis and A. artaxerxes. Numbers above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Numbers under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. Images show variation in wing pattern commonly used to distinguish the two species. Vivid orange markings are strongly present on both fore- and hindwings in A. agestis (upper photo) and are weaker in A. artaxerxes (lower photo). Certain individuals of A. agestis, clearly clustering with other A. agestis, show wing patterns that are intermediate between the two taxa (middle photo). (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of A. agestis (pink squares) and A. artaxerxes (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where both species are found in the same quadrat are shown as purple squares. Localities where A. agestis is suspected to occur are shown as pink question marks. Localities where A. artaxerxes is suspected to occur are shown as blue question marks. Localities where individuals have been observed but not assigned to one taxon or the other are shown as grey squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 3.
Zygaena romeo and Z. osterodensis form reciprocally monophyletic barcode clusters.
(A) NJ tree based on DNA barcodes for Zygaena romeo and Z. osterodensis. Numbers above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Numbers under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. White arrows on images in the left column show variation in wing pattern commonly associated with (although not necessarily diagnostic of) these taxa. White arrows on images in right column show variation in the lengths of the spines at the base of the lamina dorsalis, the main criterion used for identification: Zygaena osterodensis (upper right) collected in Fully (VS), with relatively long spines; Z. romeo from Meride (TI) (center right), with relatively short spines; and Z. romeo from Ferreyres (VD), with spines that are intermediate in length. Images represent morphologically typical populations but do not represent individuals sequenced for this study. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of Z. osterodensis (pink squares) and Z. romeo (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where both species are found in the same quadrat are shown as purple squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 4.
Melitaea athalia and M. nevadensis as independently evolving mitochondrial lineages.
(A). NJ tree based on DNA barcodes for Melitaea athalia and M. nevadensis. Numbers above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Numbers under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. Images in left column show the dorsal habitus of these taxa (non-diagnostic). Black arrows on the images in the right column indicate the length of the uncus and grey arrows the base of the genital valve for each of three taxa: Melitaea athalia (upper right), with uncus relatively long and genital valve with multiple teeth at the base; a typical Melitaea nevadensis (middle right), with uncus relatively short and genital valve untoothed at the base; and a morphologically atypical specimen of Melitaea nevadensis (lower right) with the uncus relatively short but exhibiting a genital valve with a pronounced tooth at the base. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of M. athalia (pink squares) and M. nevadensis (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where both species are found in the same quadrat are shown as purple squares. Localities representing individuals for which genitalia have not been examined and which have thus not been assigned to one taxon or the other are shown as grey squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 5.
Erebia pronoe vergy and E. p. psathura as independently evolving mitochondrial lineages.
(A) Neighbor joining (NJ) tree based on DNA barcodes for Erebia pronoe vergy and E. p. psathura. Values above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Values under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. White arrows indicate the difference in wing pattern used to distinguish these taxa: E. p. vergy (upper image), with the apical margin of the discal band of the third cell strongly convex; and E. p. psathura (lower image), with the apical margin of the discal band of the third cell straight. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of E. p. vergy (pink squares) and E. p. psathura (blue squares), based principally on Sonderegger (2005), as well as on additional data. Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. A single quadrat where populations have been observed but not assigned to one taxon or the other is shown as a grey square. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 6.
Lycaena tityrus tityrus and L. t. subalpina form reciprocally monophyletic barcode clusters.
(A) NJ tree based on DNA barcodes for Lycaena tityrus tityrus and L. t. subalpina. Values above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Values under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML Images in left column show the dorsal habitus typically associated with males of these taxa and images in the right column the ventral habitus: L. t. subalpina (upper left and right), lacking orange markings on the upper surfaces and with limited orange markings on the lower surfaces of both fore- and hindwings, and L. t. tityrus (lower left and right), with distinct orange markings on upper and lower surfaces of fore- and hindwings. Certain individuals of L. t. tityrus, clustering with other L. t. tityrus, exhibit wing patterns that are intermediate between the two taxa. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of L. t. subalpina (pink squares) and L. t. tityrus (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where both subspecies are found in the same quadrat are shown as purple squares. Localities where individuals have been observed but not assigned to one taxon or the other are shown as grey squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 7.
Euphydryas aurinia glaciegenita emerges from within a paraphyletic Euphydryas aurinia aurinia.
(A) NJ tree based on DNA barcodes for Euphydryas aurinia aurinia and E. a. glaciegenita. Numbers above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Numbers under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. Images in left column show the dorsal habitus typically associated with these taxa and images in the right column the ventral habitus: E. a. aurinia (upper left and right), brighter than E. a. glaciegenita and with black ocelli highly visible toward the posterior margin on both upper and lower surfaces of the hindwings, and E. a. glaciegenita (lower left and right), darker and with weak black ocelli toward the posterior margin on both upper and lower surfaces of the hindwings. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of E. a. aurinia (pink squares) and E. a. glaciegenita (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where both subspecies are found in the same quadrat are shown as purple squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.
Fig 8.
Erebia manto paraphyletic with respect to E. bubastis based on DNA barcodes.
(A) Neighbor joining (NJ) tree based on DNA barcodes for Erebia manto and E. bubastis. Numbers above nodes are NJ bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in PAUP*. Numbers under nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values over 50% as calculated in RAxML. Images in left and center columns show the dorsal and ventral habitus typically associated with (although not necessarily diagnostic of) these taxa. Images in the right column show the genital valve for each of three taxa: E. manto, with both the swelling and the tip of the genital valve with numerous small teeth (upper and middle right) and E. bubastis, with both the swelling and the tip of the genital valve with few, relatively large teeth. (B) Map of Switzerland showing distribution of E. manto (pink squares) and E. bubastis (blue squares). Squares represent 5km2 quadrats. Localities where populations have been observed but not assigned to one taxon or the other are shown as grey squares. Note: Colored squares represent all data present in the national database. Certain populations shown on the map may represent historical populations that no longer exist.