Table 1.
Overview of models of explaining vaccine hesitancy, confidence or acceptance and corresponding general measures.
Table 2.
Relations between 5C sub-scales and validation constructs.
Fig 1.
Violin plots of mean scores and distributions of the 5C antecedents of vaccination in Studies 1–3.
The figure shows the means (diamonds) and 95% CIs (whiskers) and the frequency distribution of the 5C antecedents of vaccination across the three studies. Note that the items of the complacency and collective responsibility sub-scales are not identical across the studies. The exact wording of some items changed from Study 1 to Study 2 to increase item difficulty. The figure suggests that over the course of the development of the scale, the mean scores of the final scale (Study 3) are distributed more evenly across the possible spectrum, i.e., the items were not too “easy” or too “difficult” (e.g., as for constraints in Study 1, where the great majority of participants reported no constraints). Study 1: N = 1,445, Study 2: N = 1,003, Study 3: N = 350. The Y-axis shows POMP values: percent of maximum possible score [((observed score–minimum score)/(maximum score–minimum score)) x 100]. An increase of 1 unit on a POMP scale corresponds to an increase of 1% on the original scale. For example, an increase of 20 on the POMP scale corresponds to an increase of 1 original point of a 5-point scale. Collective responsibility was not measured in Study 1.
Table 3.
Items of a pre-final 5C scale and Pearson correlations of the long and single-item short version of the 5C scale with validation constructs (Study 2).
Table 4.
Results of six binary logistic regressions to compare the explanatory value of the general and specific 5C scale in predicting acceptance of MMR, HPV and flu vaccination (Study 2).
Table 5.
The final English and German 5C scale measuring psychological antecedents of vaccination (Study 3).
Table 6.
Pearson zero-order correlations between the 5C sub-scales and all seven assessed hesitancy/acceptance measures (Study 3).
Table 7.
Regressions predicting vaccine acceptance (own flu vaccination, child’s MMR and HPV vaccination) by the sub-scales and total scores of all assessed measures (Study 3).