Fig 1.
Flow diagram of database searching and article screening.
The checklist of the total Prisma 2009 requirements is in S2 Table.
Table 1.
Definition and number of ecological indicators (n) of ecosystem services of parameters considered in the meta-analysis.
*CEC: cation exchange capacity.
Fig 2.
Effect size (average and bootstrap CI) of ecosystem services recovered in restoration areas, according to restoration strategies.
(A) All ecosystem degradation types; (B) Degradation by pasture; (C) Degradation by agriculture. The vertical line represents the null hypothesis. Positive effect size means that the amount of ES in restored areas is higher than in degraded area.
Fig 3.
Effect size (average and bootstrap CI) of ecosystem services recovered in restoration areas, according to different types of services (soil attributes, carbon pool and biodiversity protection).
(A) All ecosystem degradation types; (B) Degradation by pasture; (C) Degradation by agriculture. The vertical line represents the null hypothesis. Positive effect size means that the amount of ES in restored areas is higher than in degraded area.
Fig 4.
Meta-regression of age of restored ecosystem and the effect size of different ecosystem services.
(A) Soil attributes (n = 150); (B) Carbon pool (n = 13); (C) Biodiversity protection (n = 71). Positive effect size means that the amount of ES in restored areas is higher than in degraded area. Three outlier was removed from (B).