Table 1.
A list of RKD and NLP genes of Brachypodium and their putative orthologs in wheat.
Fig 1.
Distribution of 37 wheat TaRWP-RK genes (19 TaRKD and 18 TaNLP) on 18 chromosomes belonging to six homoeologous groups.
Chromosomes are represented by blue solid vertical bars. TaRKD genes are written in black and TaNLP genes are written in red colour.
Table 2.
Details of CDSs and gene sequences for Brachypodium and wheat along with their percent similarity.
RWP-RK wheat genes with targets for miRNAs are also shown.
Fig 2.
Structure of TaRKD and TaNLP genes showing distribution of exons (solid red bars), introns (black lines), upstream/downstream regions (solid blue bars) and intron phases marked as 0, 1 and 2.
Fig 3.
The circos visualization map showing synteny and collinearity among RWP-RK proteins of wheat, Brachypodium, rice and sorghum.
The bands of different colours with variation in thickness depict different levels of synteny between wheat proteins with those of other species.
Table 3.
A summary of cis-acting regulatory elements for abiotic stress in promoters of TaRKD and TaNLP genes of wheat.
Table 4.
Results of expression analysis obtained during present study and earlier studies.
Fig 4.
Results of in silico expression analysis of TaRKD and TaNLP genes of wheat under varying doses of nitrogen in four different experiments.
(a) Experiment (1)-(3) showing expression at 21 daa under 200 kg N/ha vs. 50 kg N/ha (used as control),using genotype Istabraq in 1st, Hereward in 2nd and Soissons in 3rd, and experiment (4) showing expression at 7 daa under192 kg N/ha vs. 48 kg N/ha (used as control), and (b) Experiment (1)-(2) showing expression at 7 daa at 200 kg N/ha vs. 50 kg N/ha (used as control) and experiment (3)-(4) showing expression at 21 daa under 200 kgN/ha vs. 50 kg N/ha (used as control) using genotype Riband in 1st and 3rd and Soissons in 2nd and 4th. Genes showing significant differential expression are indicated with red colour.
Table 5.
Details of Brachypodium and wheat RWP-RK proteins sequences and their conserved domains (with per cent similarity of wheat proteins with Brachypodium proteins).
Fig 5.
3D structures of TaRKD and TaNLP proteins.
In all figures, spirals are helices, broad strips with arrow-head are β-pleated sheets and thin loops are coils.
Fig 6.
Interaction of nitrate ion with specific amino acid residues of (a) TaRKD6-2A and (b) TaNLP3-7A proteins.
Fig 7.
RMSD plots of nitrate ion during binding with TaRKD6-2A (a and c) and TaNLP3-7A (b and d) obtained using Prizm software.
Fig 8.
Phylogenetic tree constructed using proteins sequences of RKDs and NLPs belonging to four plant species (A. thaliana, B. distachyon, O. sativa and T. aestivum). Red, magenta, blue and green colours represent proteins sequences of RKDs and NLPs belonging to A. thaliana, O. sativa, B. distachyon and T. aestivum, respectively. The branch length represents the magnitude of genetic change.
Fig 9.
Relative expression level of two TaNLP and two TaRKD genes in root and shoot tissues of wheat seedlings.
(A) C306 root, (B) C306 shoot, (C) HUW 468 root, and (D) HUW 468 shoot. Four treatments are shown by four different colours. For details of treatments, see text. C-control, LN- low N, NS- N starvation and NR- N restoration.