Fig 1.
Map of the Russian Far North showing the distribution of the wild and domestic reindeer sampling sites.
Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed; EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breeds; and TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations.
Table 1.
Parameters of genetic diversity of domestic and wild reindeer populations based on 8357 SNPs.
Table 2.
Genetic differentiation of domestic and wild reindeer populations measured by FST values.
Fig 2.
Neighbor-Net tree based on pairwise FST values between reindeer populations.
Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed, EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breed; and TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations.
Fig 3.
Multidimensional scaling analysis of reindeer populations: A–wild and domestic reindeer populations based on 8357 SNPs and B–wild population based on 8145 SNPs. Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed; EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breed; and TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations.
Fig 4.
Population structure analysis of reindeer populations inferred using STRUCTURE software based on 8357 SNPs for K values from 2 to 5.
Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed; EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breed; and TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–the Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations.
Fig 5.
A. Maximum likelihood tree of all studied reindeer groups with no migration events based on 8357 SNPs. B. The residual plot, corresponding to the tree with no migration events based on 8357 SNPs. Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed, EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breed; TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations. Colors are described in the palette on the right.
Fig 6.
A. Maximum likelihood tree of all studied reindeer groups with two migration events based on 8357 SNPs. B. The residual plot, corresponding to the tree with two migration events based on 8357 SNPs. Note: NEN_M–Nenets breed of the Murmansk region; NEN_N–Nenets breed of the Nenets Autonomous district; EVK–Evenk breed, EVN–Even breed; CHU–Chukotka-Khargin breed; TMR–Taymyr Peninsula, LNO–Leno-Olenek, SUN–Sundrun, and TGA–taiga (boreal forest) wild populations. Colors are described in the palette on the right.
Table 3.
Significantly negative Z-scores of the f3 statistic in 10 blocks.