Fig 1.
Fruit and calyx forms of selected AMT solanum taxa.
Photos A-C: Putative epizoochorous trample burr dispersal via accrescent prickly calyx (A: S. carduiforme, B: S. ossicruentum, C: S. asymmetriphyllum). Photos D-F: Putative ingestion dispersal after reflexing of accrescent calyx (D: S. melanospermum, E: S. ultraspinosum [fruit intact], F: S. ultraspinosum [fruit removed by unknown frugivore]. Photos G-I: Putative ingestion dispersal, calyx not enveloping fruit (G: S. beaugleholei [mature]; H: S. diversiflorum [immature, showing “cryptic coloration”], I: S. chippendalei [post-mature fruits exhibiting “shaker” mechanism]. Photos by C. Martine.
Table 1.
Species of the S. dioicum group and S. echinatum group sensu Bean [6] considered in this study.
Table 2.
Primer sequences (5’-3’) used to amplify loci used in this study.
Table 3.
Alignment characteristics by locus.
Fig 2.
ASTRAL-III species tree generated from ML gene trees estimated in IQ-TREE.
Values at nodes reflect local posterior probabilities of .50 or greater. Clade labels follow Martine, et al. [4,5]. The S. echinatum group is identified sensu Bean [6].
Fig 3.
Maximum clade credibility topology inferred by Bayesian inference from concatenated partitioned loci.
Red nodes reflect posterior probabilities of <0.9 and black nodes reflect posterior probabilities of 0.9–1. Clade labels follow Martine, et al. [4,5]. The S. echinatum group is identified sensu Bean [6].
Fig 4.
Most parsimonious ancestral state reconstruction of calyx morphology mapped onto the ASTRAL-III species tree.
Clade labels follow Martine, et al. [4,5]. The S. echinatum group is based on Bean [6].