Fig 1.
Flow diagram of participant enrollment.
IADL, instrumental activity of daily living; SP, social participation.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population with and without IADL decline according to gender.
Table 2.
Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for IADL decline associated with the type and frequency of social participation by gender.
Table 3.
Associations of frequent versus moderate participation with IADL decline: Subgroup analyses limited to individuals with participation in each type of SP.
Fig 2.
Predicted probabilities for IADL decline according to gender and the frequency of SP.
Error bars display 95% confidence intervals. Dashed horizontal lines indicate scale marks for the y-axis; Predicted probabilities are estimated based on the logistic regression which was adjusted for all covariates such as age, marital status, education, subjective economic status, work status, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, alcohol, smoking, exercise, SRH, depression, and cognitive functioning.