Fig 1.
MB.R.999, (A) photograph (reprinted [22] under a CC BY license, with permission from Carola Radke, MfN, original copyright 2016) and (B) interpretative drawing of specimen in left lateral view. Abbreviations: ang, angular; C, canine; dt, dentary; Is, incisors; jug, jugal; lac, lacrimal; max, maxilla; o, orbit; PCs, postcanines; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; smx; septomaxilla; spl, splenial; sur, surangular. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Fig 2.
MB.R.999, (A) photograph (reprinted [22] under a CC BY license, with permission from Carola Radke, MfN, original copyright 2016) and (B) interpretative drawing of specimen in dorsal view. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; max, maxilla; o, orbit; occ, occiput; pf, postfrontal; pif, parietal foramen; po, postorbital; pr, parietal; prp; preparietal; pst, postparietal; sup, supraoccipital, tf, temporal fenestra. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Fig 3.
MB.R.999, (A) photograph (reprinted [22] under a CC BY license, with permission from Carola Radke, MfN, original copyright 2016) and (B) interpretative drawing of specimen in ventral view. Abbreviations: C, canine; dt, dentary; I1-I5, incisors 1–5; occ, occiput; pbs, parabasisphenoid; ptt, transverse process of the pterygoid; sup, supraoccipital; t-ptb, teeth on the pterygoidal boss. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Table 1.
General measurements of specimen MB.R.999.
Fig 4.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: (A) left lateral view and (B) left medial view of the face, (C) palatal morphology from left lateral. Abbreviations: alm, ala maxillaris of palatine; C, canine; cpp, cultriform process of parabasisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; cil, crista infralacrimalis; cio, crista infraorbitalis; cl, crista lacrimalis; cp: canine-bearing protuberance; Is, incisors; jug, jugal; lac, lacrimal; lvj, lamina ventralis of the jugal; mx, maxilla; occ, occiput; pal, palatine; pbs, parabasisphenoid; PCs, postcanines; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pty, pterygoid; smx; septomaxilla; stp, stapes; tlsmx, transverse lamina of the septomaxilla; v, vomer; vpmx; ventral process of the maxilla. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 5.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: (A) dorsal and (B) ventral palatal morphology, (C) vomer from right lateral, (D) pterygoid from anterior. White circles in (B) indicate position of teeth. Abbreviations: ect, ectopterygoid; pab, bosses of the palatine; pal, palatine; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pgr, premaxillary groove; pmx, premaxilla, ptb, bosses of the pterygoid; ptq, quadrate ramus of the pterygoid; ptt, transverse process of the pterygoid; pty, pterygoid; set, sella turcica; v, vomer; vno, hypothetical position of vomeronasal organ; vpf: ventral premaxillary foramen; vlpmx, ventral lamina of the premaxilla. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 6.
MB.R.999: Teeth and their replacements.
(A) all palatal teeth, Synchrotron CT, (B) teeth on palatine, snout slightly tilted to dorsal, Synchrotron CT, (C) teeth on pterygoid, snout slightly tilted to ventral, Synchrotron CT, (D) canine of right lower jaw and replacements lingually to it, 2D slice of Neutron CT, (E) canine of left upper jaw and its replacements mesially and lingually to it, 2D slice of Neutron CT, (F) incisors and their replacements (lingually to them) in the left upper jaw, 2D slice of Neutron CT. Abbreviations: C, canine; C1, functional canine; C2, second but non-functinal canine; Is, incisors; t-pab, teeth on the bosses of the palatine; t-ptb, teeth on the bosses of the pterygoid; t-ptt, teeth on the transverse processes of the pterygoid; v, vomer.
Fig 7.
(A) left upper canine, (B) third lower postcanine, (C) first and second upper incisors, (D) first upper incisor.
Fig 8.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: skull roof from (A) dorsal and (B) ventral. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; lob, (position of) left olfactory bulb; pf; postfrontal; pif, parietal foramen; po, postorbital; pr, parietal; prp, preparietal; rnt: ridge for cartilaginous nasal turbinals. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 9.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: brain endocast from (A and B) left lateral and (C and D) dorsal. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; cc, common crus; en, epiphyseal nerve; epi, epipterygoid; fb, forebrain; hb, hindbrain; lob, left olfactory bulb; ot, olfactory tract; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pfc, paraflocculus; pg, pituitary gland; psc, posterior semicircular canal; rob, right olfactory bulb; scc, secondary common crus. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 10.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: occipital region from (A) anterior and (B) posterior; epipterygoid/orbitosphenoid from (C) anterolateral and (D) posterior. Abbreviations: epi, epipterygoid; fr, frontal; obs, orbitosphenoid; occ, fused occipital components; pr, parietal; prp, preparietal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; stp, stapes. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 11.
Tomographic slices of the neutron scan of MB.R.999.
(A) and (B) coronal sections of the palatal region; (C) and (D) horizontal sections of suture of vomer and palatine; (E) and (F) horizontal sections of otic labyrinth region. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; dent, dentary; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; psc, posterior semicircular canal; v, vomer; vp, posterior blade of vomer; vt; triangular plate of vomer.
Fig 12.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: rear end of skull roof from (A) ventral and (B) dorsal. Abbreviations: nr, nuchal ridge; pr, parietal; pst, postparietal; sup, supraoccipital; tab, tabular. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 13.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: stapes from (A) medial and (B) ventral; otic ear labyrinth from (C) anterior, (D) left lateral and (E) posterior. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; cc, common crus; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; ol, otic labyrinth; psc, posterior semicircular canal; q, quadrate; scc, secondary common crus; stp, stapes. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Table 2.
Measurements of the stapes in MB.R.999.
Table 3.
Measurements of the otic labyrinth in MB.R.999.
Fig 14.
Neutron CT reconstruction of MB.R.999: mandible from (A) left lateral, teeth on the right side digitally removed and (B) medially clipped in half; dentary and splenial from (C) anterior and (D) posterior. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; C, canine; cor, coronoid; dent, dentary; Is, incisors; PCs, postcanines; pra, prearticular; spl, splenial; sur, surangular. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Fig 15.
Type and additional referred material of Cynariops robustus Broom 1925 [56].
(A) NHMUK PV R5743, holotype of Cynariops robustus, in dorsal and (B) ventral views. (C) BP/1/4103, referred specimen of C. robustus, in dorsal and (D) ventral views. (E) TM 245, holotype of Cynarioides grimbeeki, in dorsal view. (F) TM 246, holotype of Cynarioides laticeps, in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig 16.
Strict consensus tree of gorgonopsian phylogenetic analysis, including MB.R.999 (= Cynariops robustus).
Numbers left under nodes indicate bootstrapping support values above 50%. Numbers right under nodes show Bremer support indices.