Table 1.
Characteristics of tinnitus in 36 patients.
Table 2.
Demographic and hearing characteristics of tinnitus patients and normal subjects.
Fig 1.
Activations (red) and deactivations (blue) induced by tVNS at the tragus, cymba conchae, and earlobe (p < 0.05, cluster corrected for multiple comparisons).
tVNS: transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation; ACC/MCC/PCC: anterior/middle/posterior cingulate cortex; Amyg: amygdala; AnG: angular gyrus; CC: corpus callosum; CBLL: cerebellum; FuG: fusiform gyrus; Hip: hippocampus; LiG: lingual gyrus; MOG: middle orbital gyrus; MTG/STG: middle/superior temporal gyrus; PCu: precuneus; PoG/PrG: postcentral/precentral gyrus; SFG: superior frontal gyrus; TMP: temporal pole.
Table 3.
Activated and deactivated regions revealed by general linear model analysis.
Fig 2.
Spatial maps showing differences between the active stimulation locations and the sham stimulation location, corrected (A) and uncorrected (B) for multiple comparisons. CBLL: cerebellum, CC: corpus callosum, CN: cochlear nucleus, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, LC: locus coeruleus, MTG: middle temporal gyrus, NTS: nucleus of solitary tract, PrG: precentral gyrus, SMC: supplementary motor cortex, SMG: supramarginal gyrus, Tha: thalamus.
Fig 3.
Results of ROIs analysis in tinnitus patients: number of voxels, average t-value, and PSC in the auditory, limbic, and vagal brainstem structures for each electrode location.
Error bars represent standard error. ROIs; regions of interest; PSC: percent signal change; CN: cochlear nucleus; HG: Heschl’s gyrus; LC: locus coeruleus; NTS: nucleus of solitary tract; PHG: parahippocampal gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus. No significant differences were found among the locations.
Fig 4.
Activations (red) and deactivations (blue) induced by tVNS at the tragus and cymba conchae for NORM and TINN after matching the number of functional volumes (p < 0.05, cluster corrected for multiple comparisons).
NORM: normal subjects; TINN: tinnitus patients; AnG: angular gyrus; CC: corpus callosum; Hip: hippocampus; MCC/PCC: middle/posterior cingulate cortex; MTG/STG: middle/superior temporal gyrus; PCu: precuneus; PoG/PrG: postcentral/precentral gyrus; SFG: superior frontal gyrus.
Fig 5.
Spatial maps of the differences between the NORM and TINN datasets (p < 0.05, cluster corrected for multiple comparisons).
NORM: normal subjects; TINN: tinnitus patients; AnG: angular gyrus; PCu: precuneus; PoG/PrG: postcentral/precentral gyrus; SFG: superior frontal gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; TMP: temporal lobe.
Fig 6.
Results from the ROIs analysis in NORM and TINN.
The number of voxels, average t-value, and PSC of each ROI for NORM and TINN after matching the number of functional volumes. ROIs: regions of interest; NORM: normal subjects; TINN: tinnitus patients; PSC: percent signal change; HG: Heschl’s gyrus; PHG: parahippocampal gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus. *: p < 0.05 (paired t-test, Bonferroni-corrected for multiple comparisons).