Table 1.
Summary of tested hypotheses.
Fig 1.
(a) Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of in-bubble (echo chambers) and non-bubble (out- and cross-bubble) communication; and (b) Histogram of distance travelled by messages between sender and receiver in 50-kilometer bins.
Fig 2.
(a) Geographic pattern of cross-bubble, out-bubble, and echo chambers (in-bubble) with number of vertices and edges in each subgraph and the average distance travelled between sender and receiver; and (b) snapshot of the central point of diffusion of the Leave campaign, geographically located in the English Midlands, the North, and the East.
Fig 3.
Distances covered by interactions across in-bubble, out-bubble, and cross-bubble for referendum network and subgraphs of the Leave and Remain campaigns, followed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic and p-value.
The dotted line shows the reference probability distribution used to test the similitude of the two samples with a continuous distribution.
Fig 4.
Distribution of distances covered by echo-chamber communication (in-bubble) for the referendum network and subgraphs of the Leave and Remain campaigns over the 10-week referendum campaign (14 April to 23 June).
The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic and the p-value indicate the differences in the observed and randomized distributions: while in weeks 9–10 observed and randomized signals are similar at the network level, there are remarkable and inversed interactions between online activity and geography in the Leave and Remain subgraphs.