Fig 1.
The asylum seeker applies for protection at t1 and receives residence permit at t2. The waiting time, tw, is the difference between t2 and t1. The employment status is observed at t3. The time since residence permit issuance, tsrp, is the difference between t3 and t2 while the time since application, tsa, equals the sum of tw and tsrp.
Fig 2.
Illustration of the pure delay effect.
Restrictions on asylum seeker’s access to the labor market creates a negative effect on their employment rate even though the sum of the conditions during waiting time has no effect on employment.
Fig 3.
Batch processing in the Danish asylum system.
The length of the waiting time of refugees who received residence permit from year t until year t-4 plotted against their date of application. The practice of batch processing implemented by the Danish Immigration Service is indicated by the shale-like pattern observed in the figure.
Table 1.
Time-invariant characteristics.
Table 2.
Time-variant indicators.
Table 3.
Fixed effect regression coefficients of the length of the waiting time in the Danish asylum system on employment, including different measures for the duration of stay in Denmark.
Table 4.
Fixed effect regression coefficients of the length of waiting time in the Danish asylum system on employment.
Stepwise inclusion of controls and fixed effects.