Table 1.
Samples used for molecular phylogenetic analyses of Multifurca.
Fig 1.
Selected sites of the ITS alignment of lactarioid samples of Multifurca.
Fig 2.
Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogram of Multifurca based on the ITS-28S-rpb2 combined dataset, rooted with Lactarius pubescens.
Bootstrap proportions higher than 70% in the ML analysis (ML-BP) and posterior probabilities of the Bayesian Inference (BI-PP) higher than 95% are indicated above and below the branches respectively or as ML-BP/BI-PP by the node. New species are in bold. Initials proceeding sample numbers refer to the collectors (see Table 1).
Table 2.
Recognized phylogenetic species and corresponding support values from individual genealogies and from the three-locus combined phylogeny.
Fig 3.
Chronogram, estimated divergence times and ancestral area reconstruction of Multifurca generated by the 28S-rpb2 data.
Divergence times were estimated using BEAST and routines by Maximum likelihood-based program LAGRANGE implemented in RASP. Ascomycota-Basidiomycota divergence time of 500–650 Ma was used as calibration point in the molecular clock analysis. Values on the nodes are estimated mean age of the nodes. Greyish-blue bars stand for the 95% highest posterior density. Colored squares by the sample names show the present distribution. Letters above and below the branches represent the inferred best splits by LAGRANGE.
Fig 4.
Known worldwide localities of Multifurca species and inferred times and routines of dispersals and migrations.
Divergence times (95% high posterior density) were estimated using BEAST and routines by Maximum likelihood-based program LAGRANGE implemented in RASP. Question mark means uncertainty of the area of provider. Yellow symbols represent species of M. subg. Furcata and blue ones of M. subg. Multifurca. The royalty-free map photo is obtained from www.dreamstime.com (ID 8020640, Jezper).
Fig 5.
Basidiocarps of species of Multifurca.
A-E. Multifurca subg. Multifurca: A. M. aurantiophylla (BB09.073); B. M. australis (REH10009); C. M. ochricompacta (BB02.118); D. M. roxburghiae (XHW3650); E. M. zonaria (XHW1984); F-J Multifurca subg. Furcata: F. M. furcata (JJ15.012); G. M. mesoamericana (REH8361); H. M. orientalis (XHW3034); I. M. pseudofurcata (XHW3205); J. M. stenophylla (TL2335).
Fig 6.
Microscopical drawings of the basidiocarps of Multifurca australis.
A. Hyphal terminations of the pileipellis. B. Spores; C. Basidia and basidiola; D. Marginal cells; E. Hymenial gloeocystidia. Scale bar = 10 μm for all except for 5 μm for spores.
Fig 7.
Microscopical drawings of the rhizomorphs of Multifurca australis.
A. Gloeocystidia of the stipe surface; B. Gloeocystidia in the trichoid bundles of hyphal extremities that occupy most of the lower stipe. C. Myceliocystidia; D-E. Vessel-like hyphae (sensu Agerer) of the stipe base-soil transition, in ‘E’ showing wall thickness in section. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Fig 8.
Microscopical drawings of the basidiocarps of Multifurca furcata.
A. Marginal cells; B. Spores; C. Basidia and basidiola; D. Pseudocystidia of the hymenium; E. Hyphal terminations of the pileipellis; F. Pseudocystidia on cap surface. Scale bar = 10 μm for all except for 5 μm for spores.