Fig 1.
Flowchart of the study design.
NQ = Nijmegen Questionnaire, KNQ = Korean version of the Nijmegen Questionnaire, K-GHQ-30 = Korean version of the General Health Questionnaire-30, K-SF-36 = Korean version of the Short Form-36, DB = Dysfunctional Breathing.
Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the KNQ, K-GHQ-30, and subscales of the K-SF-36.
Table 2.
Participants with and without symptomatic hyperventilation by gender.
Table 3.
Results of the KNQ reliability test (participants, n = 237).
Table 4.
Results of the KNQ construct validity test.
Table 5.
Differences in the HRQoL levels between the SH and non-SH groups, and between genders (participants, n = 237).