Fig 1.
QRT-PCR products of EGF, CK5, CK&, AQP5, Bax, Bcl2 and beta actin gene expression in different studied groups.
Table 1.
Primer sequences used for the QRT-PCR.
Table 2.
Mean values ± standard deviation and significance of the body weight and serum glucose level of the diabetic and nondiabetic mothers before pregnancy and at the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy and percent of increase or decrease.
Fig 2.
Chart A. Mean values of the body weight of the diabetic and nondiabetic mothers Chart B. Mean values of serum glucose level of the diabetic and nondiabetic mothers.
Table 3.
Mean values ± standard deviation and significance of the serum glucose level of the offspring.
Fig 3.
Chart A. Mean values of EGF, CK5, CK7&, AQP5, Bax and Bcl2 gene expression in 2w control and 2w diabetic groups Chart B. Mean values of EGF, CK5, CK7&, AQP5, Bax and Bcl2 gene expression in 4w control and 4w diabetic groups.
Table 4.
Mean values, standard deviation and significance of QRT-PCR products of EGF, CK5, CK7&, AQP5, Bax and Bcl2 gene expression in the 2w control and 2w diabetic groups.
Table 5.
Mean values, standard deviation and significance of QRT-PCR products of EGF, CK5, CK7&, AQP5, Bax and Bcl2 gene expression in the 4w control and 4w diabetic groups.
Fig 4.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A) (2w control group) showing normal serous (Sa), mucous (Ma) and mixed acini (mx) with striated ducts (S). B) (2w diabetic group) showing degeneration of the acini in the form of vacuolation of their cells with displacement of their nuclei (Va), vacuolation of the ductal cells (Vd) and pyknosis of their nuclei (P). Exudation (E) around the degenerated duct and congested capillaries (C) with extravasation of RBCs (R) are seen. C) (4w control group) showing normal serous (Sa), mucous (Ma) and mixed acini (mx). D) (4w diabetic group) showing shrinkage of the striated duct (S) with variable degree of cytoplasmic vacuolation (Vd). Dilated congested capillaries (C) are seen around the striated ducts. (H&E x 1000).
Fig 5.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A) (2w control group) showing absence of collagen fibers around the acini and the striated ducts (S). B) (2w diabetic group) showing large amount of collagen fibers (arrows) around the ducts and between the acini. C) (4w control group) showing absence of collagen fibers in the glandular tissue and around the striated ducts (S). D) (4w diabetic group) showing massive amount of collagen fibers (C) around the excretory duct (ED) and the thickened arteriole (A). Note the complete loss of acinar architecture. (Masson's trichrome x 400).
Fig 6.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A) (2w control group) showing striated ducts (S) and secretory granules (G) in the lumen and the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. B) (2w diabetic group) showing striated ducts (S) and large amount of stagnant secretory granules (G) C) (4w control group) showing normal striated ducts (S) and acini (a). D) (4w diabetic group) showing large amount of stagnant secretory granules (G) in some cells and the lumen of the acini. (Toludine blue x 1000).
Fig 7.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A and C) (2w control and 4w control groups) showing strong positive magenta colour of PAS reaction of the cells of the serous acini (Sa). B and D) 2w diabetic and 4w diabetic groups) showing minimal positive PAS reaction in the serous acini (Sa). (PAS x 1000).
Fig 8.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A and C) (2w control and 4w control groups) showing negative caspase-3 reaction. B) (2w diabetic group) showing positive caspase-3 reaction in the form of brown discolouration of the cellular acini. D) (4w diabetic group) showing very strong positive caspase-3 reaction. (Caspase-3 x 1000).
Fig 9.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A and C) (2w control and 4w control groups) showing strong positive α SMA reaction (arrows) around the acini. B and D) (2w diabetic and 4w diabetic groups) showing minimal α SMA reaction (arrows). (α SMA x 1000).
Fig 10.
Photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A and C) (2w control and 4w control groups) showing strong positive PCNA reaction (arrows) in the cellular nuclei of the acini B and D) (2w diabetic and 4w diabetic groups) showing minimal PCNA reaction (arrows). (PCNA x 1000).
Fig 11.
Chart A. Mean values of area percent of collagen fibers, PAS, caspase-3, α SMA and PCNA in the 2w control and 2w diabetic groups Chart B. Mean values of area percent of collagen fibers, PAS, caspase-3, α SMA and PCNA in the 4w control and 4w diabetic groups.
Table 6.
Mean values, standard deviation and significance of area percent of collagen fibers, PAS, caspase-3, α SMA and PCNA in the 2w control and 2w diabetic groups.
Table 7.
Mean values, standard deviation and significance of area percent of collagen fibers, PAS, caspase-3, α SMA and PCNA in the 4w control and 4w diabetic groups.
Fig 12.
Electron photomicrographs of submandibular glands: A) (2w control group) showing homogenous variable sized mature secretory vesicles (SV) occupying most of the apical portion of the cytoplasm of the acinar pyramidal cells towards the lumen, immature vesicles (IV), rounded nucleus (N) and nucleolus (Nu), mitochondria (M) and parallel arrays of rough endoplasmic reticula (rER). B) (2w diabetic group) showing irregular dark nuclei (N), degenerated swollen mitochondria (M) with irregular cristae, irregular, dilated and degenerated rough endoplasmic reticula (D). The cytoplasm contains many large vacuoles (V) C) (4w control group) showing mature secretory vesicles (SV) in the cellular cytoplasm towards the lumen (L). Rounded nuclei (N) with nucleoli (Nu) and regularly packed rough endoplasmic reticula (rER). D) (4w diabetic group) showing irregular nuclei (N) with many cytoplasmic vacuoles (V) and irregular dilated degenerated rough endoplasmic reticula (rER). (A and B TEM x 6000, C and D TEM x 8000).