Table 1.
Ethogram.
Fig 1.
Uroderma bilobatum exhibits two birth peaks per birthing season.
(A) Number of adults (light gray) and pups (dark gray) present per roost (house) in Gamboa from 10 June 2013 to 26 July 2014. Each box represents 30–67 houses. The horizontal line through the box represents the median. The lower and upper box edges correspond to the first and third quartiles. The lower and upper whiskers correspond to the smallest and greatest values, no more than 1.5 * interquartile range. The colored circles represent outliers. The y-axis was transformed to a square root scale. (B) Number of adults (light gray) and pups (dark gray) present at one roost (house) made up of multiple maternity groups from 15 May 2014 to 26 July 2014. Roost videos of a single maternity group (area of dashed lines) spanned a 2-week period during peak pup presence in this roost, from 6 July to 21 July 2014.
Fig 2.
Pups reach adult forearm length more quickly than adult mass.
Mass in grams (left) and forearm length in millimeters (right) of 41 Uroderma bilobatum pups captured throughout the birthing season. Females are shown in light gray circles and males in dark gray circles. The light gray line represents average adult female size and the dark gray line, male size for this population in Gamboa.
Fig 3.
Pups experience greatest behavioral development in the departure period coinciding with fledging.
Shifting behavior (diamonds), grooming behavior (circles), social interactions (triangles), and flapping behavior (squares) calculated as mean percentage of scans with observed behavior per coding session for each pup, averaged for pups as a group per day of the birthing season for each time period. Error bars represent ± standard deviation.
Fig 4.
Mothers exercise stereotyped tactile stimulation on pups through forearm pulses.
When mothers pulsed forearms on pups, pups responded in one of two ways: 1) detaching from teats, or 2) continuing suckling. Subsequently, mothers responded in one of two ways: 1) departing from roost leaving pup behind, or 2) departing from roost carrying pup. Mothers that departed from the roost without their pups spent < 1 minute intermittently pulsing forearms while mothers that carried pups away from the roost spent > 10 minutes intermittently pulsing forearms. Illustration by Damond Kyllo.