Fig 1.
Experimental stimuli and procedure.
The experimental design was a 2 (feedback type; informative vs. confirmatory) × 2 (feedback valence; positive vs. negative) event consisting of 4 runs of 20 trials each (80 trials in total). Each stimulus consisted of a large number (ranging from 25 to 30) of the letter H and a small number (ranging from 3 to 9) of the letter T which were randomly colored red or blue. Participants were presented with a stimulus of letters on the screen for 1 second and asked to perform the following two tasks consecutively: 1) a color-judgment task where they were to judge which color was more common, red or blue; and 2) a T-detection task in which they were to decide whether there were three red Ts present. After completing these tasks, participants received predetermined feedback that disregarded their actual performance to control for the amount of positive and negative feedback received. To manipulate feedback type, specific information about the criteria they met or not met was presented for informative feedback, whereas simple success or failure information was presented for confirmatory feedback. Fix = fixation; ITI = inter-trial-interval.
Fig 2.
Interaction effect of feedback type and valence on response time of (A) color-judgment task and (B) T-detection task.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for reaction time and accuracy for each task.
Fig 3.
Striatum activations in the (Positive > Negative) contrast.
Table 2.
Feedback valence contrasts.
Table 3.
Feedback type contrasts.
Table 4.
Interaction effect of feedback type and valence.
Fig 4.
(A) Left vlPFC and (B) right ventral striatum activations in the (Negative Informative–Positive Informative) > (Negative Confirmatory–Positive Confirmatory) contrast.
Table 5.
Psychophysiological interactions with the vlPFC and ventral striatum activations as the seed ROIs from (Negative Informative–Positive Informative) > (Negative Confirmatory–Positive Confirmatory) contrast.